Foreign Policy

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Due to the frequent exchanges between Taiwan and China, and the complicity of the Chinese prosecution and judicial systems, there are many Taiwanese in China subjecting to the prosecution system or imprisonment. According to the statistics of Mainland Affairs Council until March 2021, China has reported 7078 cases of detention, 2235 cases of unnatural death, and around 1300 people serving prison sentence in China. And the definite cases of detention under political reasons are: In June 2012, engineer Chung Ting-pang disappeared 54 days after he delivered radio materials to Falun Gong practitioners in China. In March 2017, NGO worker Lee Ming-che was detained and sentenced to 5 years for the crime of overthrowing state power. In August 2018, scholar Tsai Chin-shu was detained and sentenced to 4 years in July 2020. In August 2018, scholar Shih Cheng Ping was detained and sentenced to 4 years for espionage in November 2020. In April 2019, scholar Cheng Yu-chin was detained and “confessed" to his crimes on CCTV news program on October 2020. In August 2019, political worker Lee Meng-chu was detained for inciting to overthrow state power, and later was "confessed" on CCTV in October 2020.

1. https://www.mac.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=51B78A46DE7D24E1&s=18AD7FEF24CF322F
2. https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20190912004855-260409?chdtv
3. https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2017-05-19/87168
4. https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20170921/china-taiwan-law/
5. https://taiwan.huanqiu.com/article/40Gq3pgSAaY
6. https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20201125edi015/
7. https://tv.cctv.com/2020/10/12/VIDEg9IXQf71jzwKbJ1BzvEZ201012.shtml
8. https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/20/10/17/n12482659.htm

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Raymond Chen-En SUNG

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/zRzrX
2. https://archive.ph/bhXZY

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

About 300 Kyrgyz people have been detained in China in the village of Kaiyz, where about 1500 Kyrgyz live currently, reports radio "Free Asia”.

1. https://qazaqtimes.com/en/article/51828

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Leaked documents show how China tracked and detained Kazakhs, Uyghurs Link Diplomatic visa issues were also tightened: Since 2016, China and Kazakhstan have been waging a kind of visa war. The so-called "people's diplomacy" (contacts between students, businessmen, tourists), suffered from this "war". At the beginning of the year, China unilaterally tightened the requirements for issuing tourist and business visas for citizens of Kazakhstan, while the relatives of diplomats accredited in China continued to issue short-term visas of the S2 type with a stay only for 30 days. Link

1. https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2020/02/19/feature-01
2. https://carnegie.ru/commentary/78318

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A Tajik drug dealer was arrested in China, he was not handed over to the Tajik side despite Tajikistan's request, and later he was sentenced to death. More here: Link Link At least 15 Tajik nationals are currently in detention in China. Five of them have been sentenced to death. Link

1. https://notorturetj.org/analytics/v-kitae-kaznili-grazhdanina-tadzhikistana
2. https://rus.azattyq.org/a/27522934.html
3. https://www.refworld.org/docid/59818e0110.html

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06W8FdHsNNE

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In July 2015, ten South Africans were arrested without charge in China, having been part of a 20-strong tour group detained by Chinese officials last week. The tour group were on a planned 47-day trip to explore the country, and comprised of 10 South Africans, nine British nationals and one Indian national. This happened at the same time as then-deputy president Cyril Ramaphosa was visiting China.

1. https://www.news24.com/News24/10-South-Africans-arrested-in-China-remain-in-custody-20150714

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://datos-bo.com/politica/gestionan-que-bolivianos-presos-en-china-trabajen-en-el-pais/

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below links.

1. https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/532744.html
2. https://m.joseilbo.com/news/view.htm?newsid=352149

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Notable cases include the detention of Nobu Iwatani, a professor of history at Hokkaido University, in late 2019.

1. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/11/15/national/crime-legal/hokkaido-university-professor-held-spying-released-china/

Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Somewhere in the neighborhood of 50-80 Americans are believed to be trapped inside the PRC.

1. https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2021/4/rubio-markey-reintroduce-legislation-to-counter-chinese-government-policy-banning-americans-from-exiting-china
2. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2019/09/14/china-increasingly-using-exit-bans-bar-americans-leaving/2269191001/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alexander Vuving

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53104303

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

British citizen Peter Humphrey was imprisoned in what was considered "a politically driven case". Donald Clarke's research demonstrates that the sentence delivered was beyond the realms of what would be expected for a case of this nature in normal conditions. For reference, the PRC has denied or attempted to deny UK citizens entry to Hong Kong on numerous occasions, such as Hong Kong Watch founder Benedict Rogers in 2017, or the Foreign Affairs Committee MPs in 2014.

1. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/18/china-gsk-peter-humphrey-prostate-problems-confession-claim
2. https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/1137/
3. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-38212539
4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-41586529

Answered by Sam Hogg, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://serbestiyet.com/haberler/ozel-haber-12-turkiye-cumhuriyeti-vatandasi-cinde-tutsak-70747/
2. https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/27/chinas-uyghur-crimes-a-test-of-turkish-leaders-foreign-policy-claims/
3. https://tr.euronews.com/2021/03/02/istanbul-da-eylem-yapan-uygurlar-k-z-kardesim-turkiye-de-egitim-ald-g-icin-boluculukle-suc
4. https://www.amnesty.org.tr/icerik/birbirlerinden-koparilan-uygur-ailelerinin-kabusu

Supplementary Notes

Turkey has one of the largest Uyghur diaspora groups in the world and many of them obtained Turkish citizenship during their stay in Turkey. According to media reports, dozens of Turkish nationals of Uyghur ethnicity have been arrested, tortured and transferred to concentration camps. In addition to that, the Chinese government also uses relatives of Turkish nationals as hostages to stop Turkish Uyghur citizens and activists from campaigning in Turkey and abroad.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Technically not an exit visa denial but the border region has had issues of hostage diplomacy.

1. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/china-pla-indian-boy-abduction-7732399/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr. Tenzin Tsultrim

Answer

Supporting Evidence

An ethnic Uzbek who was detained in northwest China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) in 2018 and whose case was the subject of a recent United Nations inquiry was sentenced to 15 years in prison last month, according to official sources. Aezimet Enver was detained in April 2018 after returning from Turkey the previous year, allegedly for having studied in the nation—one of several blacklisted by Chinese officials for Uyghurs to travel to, citing the threat of alleged religious extremism.- Link

1. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/uzbek-06182020161918.html

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In the context of the ongoing Sino-Lithuanian relationship crisis, the country's Ambassador Diana Mickevičienė had to endure a three weeks-long compulsory quarantine when the Chinese MFA announced mutual withdrawal of ambassadors on precisely the same day when she landed in Beijing after a short trip back to Lithuania in late August 2021. The perception in Vilnius was that the action was clearly premeditated in order to make the Ambassador a temporary de facto hostage before even being able to come back to her country. Less than three months later, China unilaterally downgraded its official relationship with Lithuania to the level of chargé d’affaires, and asked the staff of the Lithuanian embassy in Beijing to hand in their accreditation cards by mid-December. Concerned about the implications for their diplomatic immunity, all of the embassy’s Lithuanian employees along with their family members left China on December 15 in what international media described as “evacuation”.

1. https://www.euractiv.com/section/china/news/lithuania-envoy-in-beijing-to-leave-china-over-taiwan-dispute/
2. https://www.economist.com/china/lithuania-evacuates-its-embassy-in-china/21806843

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Gui Minhai. Other previous cases.

1. https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/gui-minhai-s-last-days-thailand
2. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51624433
3. https://freeguiminhai.org/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3oYJDSeBv0&ab_channel=TubeRadio

Supplementary Notes

Score should be 1 but it does not appear in menu. One incident is mentioned in the source, but it does not appear serious

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Indonesia and China have good relations in terms of extradition of criminals. There is no trace of hostage diplomacy in the public news too.

1. https://www.oecd.org/site/adboecdanti-corruptioninitiative/39784142.pdf
2. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3107868/indonesia-deported-three-uygurs-china-pompeo-visit-security
3. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/08/01/indonesia-to-deport-153-chinese-for-450-million-scam.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not currently known, but Singapore is as opaque as the PRC, which makes such information difficult to know.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest this

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest this.

Answered by Cathy Wamaitha, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found of visas being denied to Brazilian citizens, or of episodes of hostile treatment by China for political reasons. The research was carried out on search engines and in the main newspapers in Brazil (O Globo, Estadão and Folha de São Paulo).

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

There are no reported cases of Argentinian citizens being denied visa exits or given unfair treatment for political reasons.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Through an online search, major newspapers and academic journals, no events of hostage diplomacy were found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been some cases of Chileans arrested in the Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong, but none of those cases were related to political reasons. One was the arrest of a Chilean with an expired visa, and the other were charges for stealing in HK.

1. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/2174125/three-chilean-women-arrested-stealing-bag-containing
2. https://www.latercera.com/noticia/chileno-detenido-en-region-afectada-por-terremoto-permanece-en-buen-estado/?outputType=amp

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been no instance of a “hostage diplomacy” type of scenario involving a Colombian national. There are Colombians who are in prison in China, but this is mostly for drug trafficking charges. The two countries recently agreed and ratified an agreement for the repatriation of these prisoners.

1. https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/cali/el-dramatico-relato-de-caleno-condenado-en-china-por-narcotrafico-449258
2. https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/familia-de-colombiano-preso-en-china-pide-su-repatriacion-por-grave-estado-de-salud/202104/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Supplementary Notes

No hay evidencia de esto para el caso de México.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Based on experience, there is no evidence that this has happened. But according to the support link, an ascendant of the ambassador of China in Peru, sent to APRA (Peruvian party), a clear warning, that if a protest against Xi occurred in Lima, none of the APRA allies would return to set foot in China.

1. https://www.cadal.org/informes/pdf/El-arte-de-hacer-amigos.pdf

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no evidence was found. This is highly unlikely to happen in Venezuela given that government-to-government relations are very close, so there is no need for the PRC to exert pressure on local politicians.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

There are few cases of Filipinos being illegally detained in China for isolated cases from political issues. There are no case or news that pertains to hostage diplomacy as Philippines enjoy relatively good bilateral relations with China unlike US, Canada, EU, and Australia.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not enough available information in the public domain

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No supporting evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No available evidence.

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence available.

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no publicly available data indicating this ever happened.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such significant cases have been identified by the author for the period covered by this report.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Current political regime leaders in Egypt do not have problems or are not pressured by China.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No enough data to support this question

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no data/ evidence to verify this

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has not be been a reported case on denial of visa or unfair legal treatment but there have been reports on Tanzanians been arrested for drug trafficking crimes in China

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with staff of Gambia police.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Citizens and students based in China steer clear of politics. Zambian politicians in China tend to tow the Zambian government's line of non-interference in the internal affairs of partner states

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We haven't found any data regarding this during our research.

1. https://www.google.com/search?q=Bangladeshi+detained+in+china&sxsrf=ALiCzsbo77_S4AdbmVsUGH-60EeupJ1TNQ:1653851675136&source=lnms&tbm=nws&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix7e3MtYX4AhVKet4KHZRKAegQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&cshid=1653851962817556&biw=1440&bih=764&dpr=2

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence to suggest otherwise

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

There has up until now been no public report of such incident in Austria.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Except for a Canadian-Hungarian citizen, Michael Kovrig, but he was kept hostage because of his Canadian nationality and the Huawei case.

1. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58687071

Supplementary Notes

There is no evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence for such actions.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No hay evidencia de que ciudadanos de Costa Rica hayan sido detenidos o que se les haya negado la visa de salida de la RPC.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No hay reportes algunos en años anteriores, ni en los años del presente cuestionario.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. http://www.cdep.ro/interpel/2022/r4239A.pdf

Supplementary Notes

According to information provided by the Romanian Embassy in Beijing, in the last 10 years, 8 Romanian citizens have been indicted in the PRC for violating Chinese criminal law, namely for committing the crimes of forgery of financial instruments, bank card fraud and fraud, embezzlement and the crime of thwarting the fight against diseases

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such cases were reported

Supplementary Notes

Moldova has had no hostage diplomacy incidents with the PRC and seems highly unlikely to happen

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of such cases

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.vpro.nl/argos/lees/onderwerpen/china/2021/china-academici.html

Supplementary Notes

No known cases. The practice is mentioned in a news article, but no references to Dutch cases

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

1. https://www.elmundo.es/espana/2021/11/22/619a784be4d4d8cf068b45a8.html
2. https://www.elindependiente.com/espana/2021/06/30/china-no-da-explicaciones-sobre-las-hospitalizaciones-forzosas-a-extranjeros-vacunados-y-con-anticuerpos/

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence available to support this

1. China and Pakistan's militaries have a close cooperation. If they arrest each others' nationals, it is not with the intention of indulging in hostage diplomacyin

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

Paraguay and the PRC do not have diplomatic relations. For this reason, there are no embassy of PRC in Paraguay and it is not possible to check the visa issue

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

Luego de la investigación realizada no ha sido posible obtener información para dar respuesta a este indicador.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.