Foreign Policy

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Leaked documents show how China tracked and detained Kazakhs, Uighurs Link Since 2016, China and Kazakhstan have been waging a kind of visa war. The same “public diplomacy” (contacts between students, businessmen, tourists) that politicians like to talk about suffers from it. At the beginning of the year, China unilaterally tightened the requirements for tourist and business visas for citizens of Kazakhstan, while relatives of diplomats accredited in China continued to be issued short-term S2 visas with a stay of only 30 days. Link Kazakh minorities in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region

1. https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2020/02/19/feature-01
2. https://carnegie.ru/commentary/78318

Supplementary Notes

Kazakh minorities in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Link For the ethnic Kazakhs caught up in China’s brutal repression campaign in Xinjiang, their national government, once a source of some hope, offers little support. Link Many men who have been in the camps reported brutal torture, and unexplained deaths occur often, former inmates have said. Link

1. https://civicidea.ge/en/kazakh-minorities-in-xinjiang-uyghur-autonomous-region/blog-en/
2. https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/has-kazakhstan-failed-xinjiangs-ethnic-kazakhs
3. https://www.rferl.org/a/china-kazakh-muslim-fears-deportation/32586306.html

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

An ethnic Uzbek who was detained in northwest China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) in 2018 and whose case was the subject of a recent United Nations inquiry was sentenced to 15 years in prison last month, according to official sources. Aezimet Enver was detained in April 2018 after returning from Turkey the previous year, allegedly for having studied there—one of several countries blacklisted by Chinese officials for Uyghurs to travel to, citing the threat of alleged religious extremism.

1. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/uzbek-06182020161918.html

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to the Tajik authorities, 16 Tajik citizens are being held in Chinese prisons, including nine men and seven women. Link At least 15 Tajik nationals are currently in detention in China, with five of them having been sentenced to death. Link Four Tajik citizens who were on death row in Chinese prisons may soon be extradited to their homeland to continue serving a life sentence, once all bureaucratic procedures have been resolved. Link

1. https://rus.azattyq.org/a/27522934.html
2. https://www.refworld.org/docid/59818e0110.html
3. https://rus.ozodi.org/a/28572428.html

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China tries to hide the detention of ethnic Kyrgyz in Xinjiang camps. The Chinese Embassy in Bishkek aims to stop independent reporting about the horrific experiences in the camps and the kidnapping of students in Kyrgyzstan.

1. https://bitterwinter.org/detention-of-ethnic-kyrgyz-in-xinjiang-camps/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bulgarian MEP Ilhan Kyuchyuk was sanctioned by China together with other of his colleagues from the European Parliament in connection with the Uyghur issue. Therefore, this indicator deserves a yes response.

1. https://www.rferl.org/a/bulgarian-mep-kyuchyuk-china-sanctions-uyghur-tohti-sakharov-prize/31165846.html

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://rsf.org/en/gui-minhai-swedish-publisher-deprived-his-freedom-3000-days

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Richard O'Halloran director at CALS Ireland, (China International Aviation Leasing Service) an aircraft leasing firm based in Dublin was held in China for 3 years without charge.

1. https://www.rte.ie/news/primetime/2021/0218/1197903-speaking-out-the-irishman-banned-from-leaving-china/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Turkey has one of the largest Uyghur diaspora groups in the world and many of them obtained Turkish citizenship during their stay in Turkey. According to media reports, dozens of Turkish nationals of Uyghur ethnicity have been arrested, tortured and transferred to camps. In addition to that, the Chinese government also uses relatives of Turkish nationals as hostages to stop Turkish Uyghur citizens and activists from campaigning in Turkey and abroad. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://tr.euronews.com/2022/03/02/turkiye-cin-i-protesto-eden-uygur-turklerinin-vatandasl-k-basvurular-n-reddediyor-iddias
2. https://www.qha.com.tr/ozel-haber-roportaj/cin-in-turkiye-de-yasayan-uygur-turkleri-uzerindeki-baskisi-nasil-isliyor-477189
3. https://www.mepanews.com/cinin-eli-buraya-kadar-uzandi-turkiyede-yasayan-uygurlar-birbirlerini-ifsaya-zorlaniy-59545h.htm
4. https://akademiye.org/tr/?p=7358

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2020, Nigerian students in China were displaced by the Chinese government. Therefore this indicator deserves a yes response.

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06W8FdHsNNE

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In July 2015, 10 South Africans were arrested without charge in China, having been part of a 20-strong tour group detained by Chinese officials week (1). This happened at the same time as then-deputy president Cyril Ramaphosa was visiting China. In 2018, 51 South African teachers were detained to 'testify' in a fraud case, but after detention were allowed to give written statements (2,3). In 2020, allegations of torture arose after visa issues (4). Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. https://www.news24.com/News24/10-South-Africans-arrested-in-China-remain-in-custody-20150714
2. https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-06-22-we-are-ecstatic-south-african-stranded-teachers-in-china-are-coming-home/
3. https://www.goodthingsguy.com/people/50-children-stuck-in-china/
4. https://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-09-07-young-south-african-in-five-month-detention-centre-nightmare-in-china/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Due to the frequent exchanges between Taiwan and China, and the complicity of the Chinese prosecution and judicial systems, there are many Taiwanese in China subjecting to the prosecution system or imprisonment. According to the statistics of Mainland Affairs Council until November 2023, China has reported 8001 cases of detention, and 1456 cases of unnatural death. And the definite cases of detention under political reasons are: In June 2012, engineer Chung Ting-pang disappeared 54 days after he delivered radio materials to Falun Gong practitioners in China. In March 2017, NGO worker Lee Ming-che was detained and sentenced to 5 years for the crime of overthrowing state power. He was released in April 2022. In August 2018, scholar Tsai Chin-shu was detained and sentenced to 4 years in July 2020. In August 2018, scholar Shih Cheng Ping was detained and sentenced to 4 years for espionage in November 2020. In April 2019, scholar Cheng Yu-chin was detained and “confessed"" to his crimes on CCTV news program on October 2020. In August 2019, political worker Lee Meng-chu was detained for inciting to overthrow state power, and later was ""confessed"" on CCTV in October 2020. He safely returned to Taiwan in September 2023.

1. https://www.mac.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=51B78A46DE7D24E1&s=18AD7FEF24CF322F
2. https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20190912004855-260409?chdtv
3. https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2017-05-19/87168
4. https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20170921/china-taiwan-law/
5. https://taiwan.huanqiu.com/article/40Gq3pgSAaY
6. https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20201125edi015/
7. https://tv.cctv.com/2020/10/12/VIDEg9IXQf71jzwKbJ1BzvEZ201012.shtml
8. https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/20/10/17/n12482659.htm
9. https://www.voanews.com/a/a-conversation-with-lee-ming-che-i-was-a-human-rights-worker-doing-field-research-in-chinese-prison-/6699734.html
10. https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202309020011

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As of November 2023, five Japanese citizens are detained under the anti-spy law of China.

1. https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/714794?display=b

Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by Ryohei Suzuki and Yuki Moritarni

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A Korean National Liberation Movement theorist and three colleagues have been detained by China's National Security Agency while carrying out activities supporting North Korean defectors in China's Liaoning Province.

1. https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/532744.html
2. https://m.joseilbo.com/news/view.htm?newsid=352149

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Canadian citizens Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig were arrested by China in late 2018 as a retaliation after Canada detained Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou as per an international treaty between Canada and the U.S. Although the two Michaels and Meng were released in 2021, the influence of this event diplomacy lives on in 2022. Canadian MP Han Dong was alleged to have secretly suggested the Liberal government to delay the release of the two Michaels, which became a critical part of the PRC interference in Canada.

1. https://globalnews.ca/news/9570437/liberal-mp-han-dong-secretly-advised-chinese-diplomat-in-2021-to-delay-freeing-two-michaels-sources
2. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/han-dong-independent-1.6787960

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Several American citizens such as David McMahon, David Lin, Kai Li, and Mark Swidan have been detained in China for multiple years. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/china-blinken-wrongfully-detained-americans-chinese/
2. https://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/china-usa-prisoners-03062023155817.html
3. https://safeguarddefenders.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Trapped%20-%20China%E2%80%99s%20Expanding%20Use%20of%20Exit%20Bans.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Many of the '47 democrats' detained in Hong Kong have either British citizenship or British National (Overseas) status. A majority of them have been denied bail and awaiting trial in jail for over two years, despite the right of bail being enshrined under Hong Kong's Basic Law. British citizen and Hong Kong media tycoon Jimmy Lai has also been in detention by Hong Kong authorities since 2020. Apart from Hongkongers, it is also worth noting that in November 2022, a BBC journalist was beaten and briefly detained by Shanghai police while filming a local protest. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a 'Yes' response.

1. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-63779176
2. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/24/uk-must-fight-for-jimmy-lais-release-friend-of-jailed-hongkonger-tells-mps
3. https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/119088/default/

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Australian writer Yang Hengjun and Australian journalist Cheng Lei were arrested in China in 2019 and 2020 respectively. While Cheng was released in October 2023 after her sentence had been spent, Yang has yet to receive a verdict from the trial that took place in 2021.

1. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/may/09/australia-rethinks-quiet-diplomacy-tactic-as-cheng-lei-marks-1000-days-in-chinese-detention
2. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-19/australia-troubled-writers-espionage-trial-verdict-delayed-china/101873180

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

People who were critical did not seek visa Armenia-China Visa Requirement Lifted as China Eyes the Armenian Market Link

1. https://www.civilnet.am/news/381693/armenia-china-visa-requirement-lifted-as-china-eyes-the-armenian-market/?lang=en

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence that Mexican citizens have been detained in the People’s Republic of China for political reasons.

1. https://tnsr.org/2021/11/caught-between-giants-hostage-diplomacy-and-negotiation-strategy-for-middle-powers/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no controversy or incidents regarding this issue. Therefore, there is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no

Supplementary Notes

the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Gambians Abroad denies any knowledge of such

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

But a Chinese man married to a French man is currently imprisoned in China

1. https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/12/14/un-chinois-marie-a-un-francais-purge-onze-ans-de-prison-pres-de-pekin_6205796_3210.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such thing observed during the reporting period.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In the context of the ongoing Sino-Lithuanian relationship crisis, the country's last ambassador, Diana Mickevičienė, had to endure a three-week compulsory quarantine when the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced the mutual withdrawal of ambassadors on the same day she landed in Beijing after a short trip back to Lithuania in late August 2021. The perception in Vilnius was that this action was premeditated to make the ambassador a temporary de facto hostage before she could return to her country. Less than three months later, China unilaterally downgraded its official relationship with Lithuania to the level of chargé d’affaires and asked the staff of the Lithuanian embassy in Beijing to hand in their accreditation cards by mid-December. Concerned about the implications for their diplomatic immunity, all of the embassy’s Lithuanian employees, along with their family members, left China on December 15 in what international media described as an “evacuation.” However, none of the Lithuanian diplomats have de jure been detained in China or denied exit for political reasons. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "No" response.

1. https://www.euractiv.com/section/china/news/lithuania-envoy-in-beijing-to-leave-china-over-taiwan-dispute/
2. https://www.economist.com/china/lithuania-evacuates-its-embassy-in-china/21806843

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest this is the case.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phnomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to information provided by the Romanian Embassy in Beijing, in the last 10 years, 8 Romanian citizens have been indicted in the PRC for violating Chinese criminal law, namely for committing the crimes of forgery of financial instruments, bank card fraud and fraud, embezzlement and the crime of thwarting the fight against diseases. There is no indication that there was any political motivation behind such actions

1. http://www.cdep.ro/interpel/2022/r4239A.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Moldova has had no hostage diplomacy incidents with the PRC and seems highly unlikely to happen

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No reported cases.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No observation of such a case and it would have surely been publicized.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of such cases.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No reports found of Spanish citizens being detained or denied exit visas in PRC.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such an incident was reported.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No case was found or documented of a Bolivia citizen being detained or denied exit visa in the PRC.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It's rare or uncommon. No proof of suspected "political" detentions of Pakistanis in China.

1. https://greekcitytimes.com/2023/10/08/over-a-dozen-pakistan-nationals/

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. NO LINK

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. NO LINK

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr. Tenzin Tsultrim

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no publicly known reports, although there are reports of Singapore nationals held in the PRC for alleged criminal activity.

1. https://www.ricemedia.co/features-the-singaporean-arrested-in-xinjiang/
2. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/24/asia/singapore-china-death-penalty-intl-hnk/index.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found of visas being denied to Brazilian citizens, or of episodes of hostile treatment by China for political reasons.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no identified citizen who has been detained in PRC or denied exit visas, and believed to be suffering from unfair legal treatments for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy”.

1. http://ee.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/dssghd/202303/t20230325_11049004.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In connetion with the conflict between Vietnam and China in the South China Sea, Chinese authorities have detained groups of Vietnamese fishermen working in the disputed waters. The most recent incident, mentioned in the attached article, happened in 2020. The Chinese authorities claim the Vietnamese fishermen illegally entered Chinese waters.

1. https://thanhnien.vn/11-ngu-dan-ninh-thuan-bi-hai-canh-trung-quoc-bat-giu-185983443.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The cases are isolated and hardly politically motivated. For example, the report from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation on violations of the rights of Russian citizens and compatriots in foreign countries does not include China.

1. https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/humanitarian_cooperation/1815559/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

none

1. none

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ernest Mudzengi, Nancy Kambudzi and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula, Alfred Bulakali and Christian Rumu

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not that I know of.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not that I know of.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no reports of Filipinos being detained or illegally held in China for political reasons.

Supplementary Notes

Filipinos are detained in China, including in Macau and Hong Kong, generally for overstaying offenses. In August 2023, the Philippine Bureau of Immigration reported it repatriated three Filipinas, who were victims of illegal recruitment and detained in China for at least a month for overstaying. In November, China executed two Filipino nationals for drug trafficking. The Department of Foreign Affairs said the Philippine government exhausted all measures available, including making high-level political representations, to appeal the cases of the two Filipinos to the Chinese government and commute their sentences to life imprisonment. The Chinese government, however, upheld the death sentences, citing internal laws. 1) Link 2) Link

1. https://immigration.gov.ph/3-trafficking-victims-repatriated-after-imprisonment-in-china/
2. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1214751

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 4 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

No supporting evidence found

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Though there are no reported cases of detainment of Myanmar ciitzens for political reasons by China, there are cases of detainment and transfer of several suspects including both PRC and Myanamr citizens to China, by Myanmar authorities. These cases are related with the online scam and criminals of fraud.

1. https://efe.com/en/other-news/2024-01-31/myanmar-hands-over-10-alleged-cyber-scam-suspects-to-china/#:~:text=Myanmar%20has%20so%20far%20transferred,of%20cybercrimes%20in%20the%20country.
2. https://english.news.cn/20240131/82f9f990613e4f3bb6e14511c2c7bd55/c.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Agather Atuhaire

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sérgio Chichava

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no direct emphasis, but the majority of leaders in the Middle East, including Qatar, prefer not to comment much regarding China's behavior towards Uighur Muslims in international forums, this is due to concerns about the risk that when they oppose China it will result in losing economic, political and political aid. military from China.

1. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/arab-states-give-china-pass-uyghur-crackdown

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China was closed until April 2023. Since then, there have been no incidents of "hostage diplomacy," and there are no indications of visa denials for Israeli citizens.

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.