Foreign Policy

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSEvMIRUdQs

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

With the vaccines given and inoculated to the President Vizcarra and officials of the highest level of government in a secret way, the Chinese laboratory Sinopharm ensured their sale (Chinese vaccine) and managed to sabotage any other purchase from the government of Peru. That is why the negotiation with Pfizer was backfired on the grounds of "a matter of sovereignty".

1. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-56782583
2. https://ojo-publico.com/2501/vacunas-en-la-embajada-de-china-diplomacia-e-interes-publico
3. https://actbistas.org/fue-soborno-escandalo-de-vacunas-peru-declaracion-aduanas/
4. https://elperuano.pe/noticia/115377-embajada-china-rechaza-calificaciones-de-vacunas-de-cortesia-donaciones-o-prebendas-en-caso-sinopharm

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No report available in the Internet for the period from Jan 2020. But pressure by Chinese diplomats is a “normal” in Sino-Vietnamese relations, and PRC diplomats have done so in informal ways in the past. Most Vietnamese politicians have internalized this norm, and applied self-censorship when it comes to sensitive issues related to PRC.

1. https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/is-china-interfering-in-vietnams-politics-with-its-south-china-sea-moves/
2. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1355/9789814762878-027/html

Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below links.

1. https://wisconsinexaminer.com/2020/04/10/chinese-government-asks-wisconsin-senate-for-a-commendation/
2. https://2017-2021.state.gov/state-legislatures-and-the-china-challenge/index.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Miles Sampa, who was at the time saving as Mayor of Zambia's capital city was told to halt his uninvited inspections at Chinese-run firms where he found evidence of labour abuse. The government led attacks on their own member, all in an effort not to offend China

1. https://www.lusakatimes.com/2020/05/27/milesmiles-unreservedly-apologises-to-the-chinese-community-and-government-leaders/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In the context of the Sino-Lithuanian bilateral relationship crisis, Chinese diplomats and propaganda operatives have been pressuring and even threatening Lithuania on an increasingly regular basis. According to a high-ranking Lithuanian official speaking off the record, "he received numerous letters from China asking to apologize for statements directed against Beijing."

1. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202108/1231251.shtml
2. https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1179573/lithuania-becomes-china-s-postal-hub-in-europe-strings-may-come-attached
3. https://www.delfi.lt/video/aktualijos/kinijos-ambasada-paviesino-spaudos-konferencijos-vaizdo-irasa.d?id=88767731

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Both parliamentarians and even a minister have received open and public pressure by the former Chinese ambassador.

1. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cese//eng/sgxw/t1716373.htm
2. https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/statsminister-stefan-lofven-s-vi-tanker-inte-falla-for-den-har-typen-av-hot
3. https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/china-tries-to-put-sweden-on-ice/

Answered by Richard Turcsányi, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Following the detention of Singapore's armored vehicles in Hong Kong in 2016 and 2017, Singapore has become visibly quieter over the South China Sea dispute and international rule of law relating to the PRC. The Singapore state has instead emphasized cooperation with the PRC and advised that the US and PRC set aside their differences.

1. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2051322/how-singapores-military-vehicles-became-beijings-diplomatic

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

South Africa twice bans Dalai Lama from visiting the country - in 2009, 2011, and in 2014.

1. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2009/3/24/south-africa-bans-dalai-lama-visit
2. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/04/dalai-lama-denied-south-africa-visa-nobel-summit
3. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/27/dalai-lama-banned-south-africa

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Chinese ambassador to Brazil, Yang Wanming, responded to comments by Federal Deputy Eduardo Bolsonaro, in which the deputy accused China and Chinese companies of engaging in espionage and, in addition, the deputy supported the clean network initiative (to ban Huawei from 5G of Brazil). In response, the Chinese ambassador said: "they will bear the negative consequences and bear the historic responsibility of disturbing the normality of the China-Brazil partnership." In addition, tensions arose over an decisive issue, which is 5G and the technological dispute between the United States and China. Ambassador Yang Wanming responded in another episode again to federal deputy Eduardo Bolsonaro, then leader of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and National Defense of the Chamber of Deputies, after the Brazilian parliamentarian blamed the Chinese government for the Covid-19 pandemic. In this reply, which was given via Twitter, the Chinese representative in Brazil strongly repudiated the comment from Eduardo Bolsonaro and demanded an apology. It should also be noted that the Chinese ambassador's responses were reactions to attacks by Brazilian parliamentarians.

1. http://br.china-embassy.org/por/sghds/t1835292.htm
2. https://twitter.com/WanmingYang/status/1240441812105519109

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Political pressure is difficult to be observed. The evidence, in this case, concerns the political pressure on regulation and exploration of lithium and the role the the state-owned company Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos (YLB).

1. https://dialogochino.net/en/extractive-industries/35423-bolivia-rethinks-how-to-industrialize-its-lithium-amid-political-transition/

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2018/12/07/2003705649

Supplementary Notes

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://expansion.mx/nacional/2011/09/10/la-reunion-entre-felipe-calderon-y-el-dalai-lama-molesta-a-china
2. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cemx/esp/xw/t1503965.htm

Supplementary Notes

Uno de los pocos episodios en los cuales las autoridades de la RPC criticaron las posturas oficiales de México en asuntos internos de la China continental, fue luego del episodio de la visita del Dalai Lama a México en 2011. Si bien desde entonces no ha habido nuevos roces diplomáticos por este asunto entre ambos países, las autoridades chinas expresaron su malestar en caso de que se repitiese una situación como la visita del Dalai Lama en 2011.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below links.

1. https://www.chosun.com/international/china/2021/07/16/SY3PWHO4VVGPJBFDA6JAN5RDXI/
2. https://mb.ntdtv.kr/news/society/381.htm#_enliple

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte surprised some observers when he announced during a state visit to China in October 2016 that he has “separated” from the US to be “dependent” on China “for a long time.” It would also help the Philippines avoid becoming a collateral damage following an intensified China-US rivalry in the South China Sea. Link Duterte’s pivot to China has commercial considerations with total of $24 billion in economic deals put on the table. Link

1. https://www.fsi.gov.ph/the-philippines-pivot-to-china-a-review-of-perspectives/
2. https://www.cfr.org/blog/duterte-and-china

Supplementary Notes

At the outset, Philippine President Duterte has been vocal about the change in PH foreign policy in consideration of building better bilateral relations with China and securing funds for PH infrastructure projects. The evidence suggests towards Duterte taking positions in media moving away from US allegiance towards implied preference of China. On the South China Sea dispute while the international tribunal ruling has been in favour of Philippines, Duterte has not taken serious measures to stop Chinese occupation of the contested islands.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Reliance on China alone is presenting diplomatic challenges. In 2009 for instance, at China’s request, Cambodia deported 20 Uyghur asylum seekers to China despite international outcry. In 2012, Cambodia blocked ASEAN from issuing a joint communique on China’s aggression in the South China Sea. These moves have pressured Cambodia’s relationship with fellow ASEAN member states and damaged its diplomatic credibility. Recently an ex-diplomat from Singapore even called for ASEAN to revoke Cambodian membership. Overdependence on China could drive Cambodia into Beijing’s sphere of influence, changing the dynamic of Cambodia’s national security. The Wall Street Journal reported an alleged secret deal allowing China to station forces at Cambodia’s Ream Naval Base, potentially placing Cambodia in an uncomfortable position vis-a-vis its neighbours, especially Vietnam…. Link Beijing-friendly Cambodia and Laos pushed out to ASEAN's fringe Link China invests heavily across Asean but is accused of trying to divide the bloc by habitually offering aid, soft loans and diplomatic support to key allies Laos and Cambodia. Link Cambodia’s Disastrous Dependence on China: A History Lesson Link … Shi noted that Beijing needs to take many factors into consideration such as the devastating impact of the pandemic on ASEAN members' industry chains and the dire challenges of rebuilding them, as well as the recently complicated South China Sea disputes, as it is working on optimizing its diplomatic approaches to improve, maintain and further develop relations with the bloc.. Link

1. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/12/26/no-simple-solution-to-chinas-dominance-in-cambodia/
2. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Beijing-friendly-Cambodia-and-Laos-pushed-out-to-ASEAN-s-fringe2
3. https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1042597/cambodia-blocking-asean-sea-dispute-consensus
4. https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/cambodias-disastrous-dependence-on-china-a-history-lesson/
5. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1203145.shtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The cases that we tend to hear about are in the human rights field, e.g. CDU politician Michael Brand came under heavy pressure due to his support for Tibet while he was on the Bundestag China Committee. Margareta Bause of the Greens, also in her official capacity in a Bundestag committee, has too. Both have faced entry bans to China as a result of their human rights engagement.

1. https://visaguide.world/news/germany/china-rejects-visas-to-german-mps-over-their-human-rights-criticism/

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow and Yu-Fen Lai, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Chairman of Tibet support group Yoko Alender was pressured by the chairman of Foreign Affairs Commission, Enn Eesmaa (by the request of the PRC ambassador) to not meet with the Tibetan Parliament and government in exile. “The incident is one of at least four to have taken place over the past two years where the PRC embassy has protested Estonian politicians meeting with the Dalai Lama, members of the government in exile of Tibet or Taiwanese politicians. Last year, the PRC ambassador to Estonia Li Chao turned to the Riigikogu Foreign Affairs Committee, claiming that Alender’s conduct constituted meddling in PRC’s domestic affairs.”

1. https://news.postimees.ee/6769895/trojan-panda-the-heavy-hand-of-chinese-soft-power

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Before his intended visit to Taiwan the Czech Senate Speaker Jaroslav Kubera was under substantial pressure from PRC embassy which sent him a threatening letter. When Kubera's successor Miloš Vystrčil actually visited Taiwan, PRC Foreign Minister Wang Yi said that the CR would pay a "heavy price" for the visit. Czech politicians critical towards China are regularly denounced by the PRC embassy, though usually indirectly.

1. https://sinopsis.cz/en/embassy-threats/
2. https://jamestown.org/program/how-the-ccp-mobilized-a-cross-border-disinformation-campaign-against-the-czech-senate-speaker/

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC diplomats have attempted to pressure politician to change their political and diplomatic stances in the UK. As well as sanctions directed at Members of Parliament, the former Ambassador has engaged directly.

1. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56532569
2. https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fambliuxiaoming%2Fstatus%2F1280572886319857666&data=04%7C01%7CM.Thorley2%40exeter.ac.uk%7C67fae60c982449d5aa9d08d9fa3a573a%7C912a5d77fb984eeeaf321334d8f04a53%7C0%7C0%7C637815951969858271%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C2000&sdata=L7wWuMz7YIwL9rsNjQzAXHLWnD6NscYYqIXyeiRLD80%3D&reserved=0

Answered by Sam Hogg, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-56422635
2. https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/yetmisiki-milyon-doz-cin-asisi-aksener-nedeniyle-mi-gelmedi/5880317.html
3. https://jamestown.org/program/the-22-vs-50-diplomatic-split-between-the-west-and-china-over-xinjiang-and-human-rights/
4. https://tr.euronews.com/2019/03/01/cin-den-turkiye-ye-uygur-turkleri-tehdidi-ekonomik-iliskileri-tehlikeye-atarsiniz

Supplementary Notes

Turkey did not sign the letter to UNHCR regarding Uyghurs and human rights violations until 2021 but instead it issued its own letter. China uses growing economic relations as a pressure tool stating that Turkey’s possible Uyghur decision may jeopardise economic relations. During the pandemic, China was also accused of using its vaccine strategy for pressuring Turkey regarding its policies towards Uyghurs who have close cultural and linguistic ties with Anatolian Turks. China also hosted several Turkish official delegations for visiting Uyghur regions for changing their stances.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.marianne.net/monde/asie/quand-la-chine-met-la-pression-sur-des-senateurs-francais

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There hasn't been such interferences before, but in May 2021, China's Ambassador in Bangladesh Li Jiming said at a virtual meeting organised by the Diplomatic Correspondents Association "Obviously it will not be a good idea for Bangladesh to participate in this US Led Quad alliance because it will substantially damage our bilateral relationship." (see below URL 1) Bangladesh's foreign minister Dr AK Abdul reacted on this comment as "very unfortunate" and "aggressive". (see below URLs)

1. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-threatens-bangladesh-says-ties-will-be-hit-if-it-joins-quad/articleshow/82544639.cms
2. https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/chinas-warning-to-bangladesh-on-the-quad/
3. https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-wants-bangladesh-to-align-strategies-promote-belt-and-road-projects/story-hPCBfNQ0hstvBcsSlxcluO.html

Supplementary Notes

In 2016, Chinese Ambassador to Bangladesh Ma Mingqiang visited a Tibetan art installation at Dhaka Art Summit and demanded that they be removed immediately. Later, he sent the organisers a mail-in protest and requested that the works be taken down. The organisers obliged by covering up the five frames with white sheets with the artists’ consent. Link In 2009, Chinese authorities put pressure to close another Tibet exhibition in Dhaka. Link

1. https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/10/chinese-authorities-pressured-a-bangladesh-art-summit-into-censoring-a-tibet-exhibit/
2. https://globalvoices.org/2009/11/01/bangladesh-chinese-pressure-censors-tibet-exhibition-in-dhaka/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bulgarian MEP Ilhan Kyuchyuk was sanctioned by China together with other of his colleagues from the European Parliament in connection with the Uyghur issue.

1. https://www.rferl.org/a/bulgarian-mep-kyuchyuk-china-sanctions-uyghur-tohti-sakharov-prize/31165846.html

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to an expert interviewed by the researcher, Belgian politicians have been pressured by Chinese diplomats (including through letters from PRC diplomats) during debates or when taking a position, for example on the Uighur issue. Threats have also been made on the issue of Tibet at the federal political level.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC has little visible political influence compared to US, Pakistan, India in Afghanistan. However, the idea of obtaining Chinese investment to back its regime has been a powerful tool for both the Taliban and the Republic regime. One year after the Taliban secured Afghanistan, it's clear that the Chinese side uses the opportunity of investment as a pressure point.

1. http://af.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202102/t20210204_1114527.htm

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-china-europe-ukraine-health-a0a5ae8f735b92e39c623e453529cbb9
2. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cegy/eng/zgyw/t1104104.htm
3. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202102/1214609.shtml
4. https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/720822.html

Supplementary Notes

Mostly under previous governments, but also recently in the pro-Russian regions / political groups

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are reports stating the pressure regarding extraditions and a couple of years ago, the change of international jurisdiction, but it is hard to find evidence of pressure more than requests or certain potential economic impacts of decisions such as leaving Huawei out of 5G service in Spain. There was a change in international jurisdiction policy in 2014 and 2018 that apparently changed due to Chinese pressure (see URL3 below).

1. https://www.rfi.fr/es/china-presiona-a-gobiernos-extranjeros-para-deportar-a-taiwaneses-denuncia-una-ong
2. https://es.theepochtimes.com/llamada-encubierta-revela-que-embajada-china-presiono-al-teatro-real-para-que-cancelara-shen-yun-en-espana_430004.html
3. https://www.csis.org/analysis/spain-and-china-european-approach-asymmetric-relationship

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

With the arrival of Xu Bu as China’s ambassador to Chile, there was a more public intervention from the Chinese representative, in contrast to previous Chinese diplomats in Chile. Still, the cases were just a few. There is also information of the Chinese embassy pushing to prevent meetings between the former president Michele Bachelet and the Tibetan religious Leader Dalai Lama back in the 2000s, and of the embassy pushing to get meetings or deals regarding, for example, public tenders.

1. https://www.24horas.cl/programas/elinformante/xu-bu-a-jaime-bellolio-cuando-un-diputado-viola-el-principio-de-una-sola-china-yo-tengo-que-contestar-3581211
2. https://www.latercera.com/politica/noticia/china-presiona-revertir-acuerdo-parlamentario-chile-taiwan/156557/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Malaysia didn’t sign the letter to UNHRC re Xinjiang and Human Rights , denied sending back Uyghurs , issues diplomatic note of protest regarding China’s intrusion in South China Sea etc. are some examples of Malaysia’s firm stance however this information may indicate to some pressures at some point of time. …Malaysia has been standing up to China more and more, canceling several joint projects since the Pakatan Harapan coalition took power earlier this year. This might soon translate to human rights issues. A telling moment came earlier this year, when likely future Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim spoke publicly in support of Uyghurs, making him one of the first Muslim political leaders anywhere in the world to do so. The government even followed up rhetoric with action, letting a groups of Uyghur asylum seekers go to Turkey rather than be deported to China, despite the latter’s protests, and reversing the policy of the previous government… Link

1. https://jamestown.org/program/the-22-vs-50-diplomatic-split-between-the-west-and-china-over-xinjiang-and-human-rights/
2. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3109885/malaysia-stands-firm-uygur-deportations-risking-chinas-wrath-and
3. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57328868

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://dennikn.sk/minuta/584182/

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.voanews.com/a/china-attempts-to-block-cultural-events-in-germany-italy/6290403.html
2. https://www.voanews.com/a/italy-detention-of-exiled-uighur-activist-a-wake-up-call-as-china-flexes-muscles-rights-activists-say/3970690.html
3. https://www.startmag.it/mondo/cina-italia-affari-viadellaseta/

Supplementary Notes

The pressure, if it exists, is primarily informal

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Taiwan has been under threat being occupied by China. According to the research "Commercialization of China’s United Front Strategy: How Beijing Manipulates Cross-Strait Government- Business Relations" by Jieh-min Wu (2017), the research fellow of Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, there are direct and indirect application of force from China when they want to project their political power on Taiwan. Since the direct pressure usually causes backfire from the Taiwanese public opinion, more indirect methods are used in recent years. The mechanism of indirect pressure is complicated, and it needs to cultivate local confederates to cooperate with Chinese government. The local confederates would build up local collaborative networks to leverage the influence from China and to implement the political goals they desire.（Wu, 2017：689-690） Among the local collaborative networks, politicians can use the messages Chinese authority pressuring Taiwan to put pressure on the government again, meanwhile to gain personal benefits. For example, in the beginning of 2021, Taiwan and Guyana announced to set offices in each other's countries, and Guyana later retrieved the decision due to China's pressure. Kuomintang stressed a lot more on blaming the government being not pragmatic and incorrect on their foreign policies rather than criticizing China's pressure. Also, during the recent pandemic, Taiwan is having challenges purchasing vaccinations due to China's pressure. KMT agitates discontent of the people and their confidence toward the government and the countries being friendly with Taiwan.

1. https://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/people/personal/wujiehmin/吳介民，2017，以商業模式做統戰：跨海峽政商關係中的在地協力者機制.pdf
2. https://www.facebook.com/mykmt/posts/10159315741802973

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Raymond Chen-En SUNG

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/N5Pf4
2. https://archive.ph/wip/La2r3

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

…Wang’s visit to the three Mekong countries follows Washington’s recent launch of a new U.S.-Mekong Partnership along with Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, which is designed to counter China’s rising influence in the lower Mekong nations. (Link) … It underscored the long-tested friendship between China and Thailand, calling the two “one family.” Further, in a Thai-language version, it recalled the motto that “China and Thailand are not others, but brothers” (Chin Thai chai uen klai phinong kan). (Link) Thailand has been a treaty ally of the United States since 1954, but its political direction since 2006 — amid warming strategic ties with Beijing — is placing serious pressure on the alliance. (Link)

1. https://thediplomat.com/2020/10/chinese-fm-embarks-on-diplomatic-drive-in-southeast-asia/
2. https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/will-the-milk-tea-war-have-a-lasting-impact-on-china-thailand-relations/
3. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/05/14/thai-domestic-politics-threatens-to-derail-its-diplomacy/

Supplementary Notes

Unable to find source that shows PRC’s direct role in pressurising Thai diplomats to change their stances.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are some cases, however at the moment due to the border clashes, it has almost no impact in terms of the response from the Indian government. In the past, India had canceled the Visa of Uyghur activist Dolkun Isa in 2016.

1. https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/china-objects-to-participation-of-indian-mps-at-tibetan-parliament-in-exile-event20211231165356/
2. https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-objects-to-visit-by-taiwan-mps-warns-india-to-follow-one-china-policy/story-dXglcfkhpcOrVPBueb8OwK.html
3. https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/we-approached-india-on-visit-of-uyghur-activist-says-china-116042601304_1.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr. Tenzin Tsultrim

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Jailing-Aisha-Huang-in-Ghana-wasn-t-important-won-t-give-us-cash-Osafo-Maafo-739502

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://africa.cgtn.com/2017/12/22/china-gambia-agree-to-enhance-ties/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to Austrian and Taiwanese diplomats, Chinese diplomats in Austria closely monitor the contacts between Austrian and Taiwanese diplomats or civil servants. They criticize these contacts if they are in their view too close.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://telex.hu/belfold/2021/06/06/kinai-nagykovetseg-sajtoszovivo-reakcio-a-szombati-fudan-ellenes-tuntetesre

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim.

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As Indonesia’s visions are aligned with those of China such as Indonesia’s aspiration to establish Indonesia as the world’s maritime fulcrum that are congruent with China’s intention to build a new maritime silk road. This common interest led the two nations to develop a mutually beneficial partnership. Moreover, US failure to execute TPP further strengthened Indonesia-China economic ties. There is also news that the Minister of Defense (Menhan) Prabowo Subianto asked the public not to go too far over the findings of underwater drones in Selayar waters, Selayar Regency, South Sulawesi which allegedly belonged to China. However, there is no direct visible pressure has been conveyed.

1. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/13/president-jokowi-and-ri-china-relations.html
2. https://voi.id/en/news/25104/begini-respon-prabowo-subianto-soal-temuan-drone-china-di-perairan-indonesia
3. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/12/16/prabowo-kicks-off-first-china-working-trip-to-discuss-defense-with-beijing.html
4. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1846201.shtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. Not Found

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence Found.

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest this.

Answered by Cathy Wamaitha, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Argentine-Chinese relations two years after the political alternation (reference 1). Pressure from China to Argentina to close the agreement of the controversial nuclear power plant (reference 2).

1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324865450_Las_relaciones_argentino-chinas_a_dos_anos_de_la_alternancia_politica
2. https://www.infobae.com/politica/2019/03/31/presion-de-china-a-la-argentina-para-cerrar-el-acuerdo-de-la-polemica-central-nuclear/

Supplementary Notes

In both references it is stated that Mauricio Macri´s government was not under Chinese pressure to sign the agreements on the nuclear plants that were originally proposed during the Fernandez Administration.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no instance of this occurring. One likely reason is that few measures passed by the government directly affect Chinese interests. Instead, there are Colombian politicians who are openly close to the Taiwan authorities, and there appears to be no pressure to change their alignment.

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cj81rGkyDLM&ab_channel=ElNodoColombia

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no evidence was found. This is highly unlikely to happen in Venezuela given that government-to-government relations are very close, so there is no need for the PRC to exert pressure on local politicians.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no publicly available data indicating this ever happened.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No reliable reports on such pressures have been identified by the author. However it should be noted that during the negotiations process behind the close door both sides can use various tools for pressuring the counterpart, which is a typical process in international politics.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Current political regime leaders in Egypt do not have problems or are not pressured by China.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

There are no publicly available records of instances of pressures. Given that Serbian political elites try hard to maintain and expand close relations with China, they would most likely try to avoid being pressured, especially openly.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

The only strong criticism from Chinese diplomats against a political stance in Albania is related to US Undersecretary of State for Energy, Economic Growth and Environment Keith Krach’s visit and declarations in 2020 (see: Link). The Chinese Embassy response was: Link No further press statements or any public declaration was made by Chinese diplomats in this regard, or any opposition to Albania positions, or at least there is nothing else public.

1. https://al.usembassy.gov/remarks-by-under-secretary-of-state-for-energy-economic-growth-and-environment-keith-krach-at-the-office-of-the-prime-minister-of-albania/
2. http://al.chineseembassy.org/eng/zagx/zajw/202010/t20201004_2533360.htm

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found in that regard.

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No data to support this evidence

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with Tanzanian academic specializing on China on 11 May 2022 suggests this has not happened in Tanzania.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/18/greece-eu-criticism-un-china-human-rights-record

Supplementary Notes

No related incidents reported. Having said that, in the past Greece has supported China on its human rights record. In 2017, Greece blocked the release of an EU statement on human rights abuses in China. It is not clear whether this came about under PRC pressure or was a gesture of goodwill by the then government of Greece, which was anti-western and anti-European in its stance.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

There is no public evidence of such pressure, though it is to be expected that, if it did occur, it would most likely not have made it into the public domain.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not observed

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No hay evidencia de que la RPC haya presionado a diplomáticos para cambiar posiciones políticas o diplomáticas. Vale apuntar que desde el establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas, en el 2007, Costa Rica ha mantenido posiciones neutrales en numerosas discusiones en torno a asuntos relacionados con intereses de la RPC.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No se encontraron reportes o datos al respecto. En medios sociales relacionados al perfil aquí analizado.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No se conoce de algún caso de presiones para modificar un punto de vista por otro más favorable a China.

1. https://bit.ly/3GpmGUa

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We could not find any evidence that the PRC diplomats have been pressuring Romanian diplomats to change their political or diplomatic stances. An interesting fact is that, on November 1, 2020, the Romanian Consulate in Beijing was closed, all consular services moving to Shanghai

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No reports of such pressures since 2021. However, the 2014-2015 ban of Falun Dafa/Falun Gong in Moldova happened after the visit of a leading Moldovan politician to the PRC

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

MP Sjoerd Wiemer Sjoerdsma was sanctioned in terms of visiting the PRC: the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of PRC has announced the sanction in 2021 (see URL1 below) .The case received considerable media attention. The former Dutch ambassador to the EU, Delphine Pronk, was sanctioned as well; she changed jobs afterwards. The Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs reacted by summoning the PRC ambassador to The Hague, calling the sanctions 'unacceptable'. Sjoerdsma himself called it an 'encouragement to European colleagues' to speak up against the Uyghur genocide (see URL2 below).

1. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjdt_674879/zcjd/202103/t20210322_9180639.shtml
2. https://www.trouw.nl/politiek/kamerlid-sjoerdsma-d66-en-hoge-nederlandse-diplomaat-op-sanctielijst-china~b9ea578e/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It is early to say but it all appears to show that there is no need for China to pressure Nicaraguan government officials to change their stance.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC doesn't directly pressurize Pakistani politicians. It's the state of Pakistan that ensures everyone understands and supports the strategic alliance. Fair to say that PRC offers Pakistanis incentives for cooperation.

1. China may quitely express displeaure over statements by local politicans critical of the Chinese involvement, but it doesn't and can't penalise them openly. That is left to the Pakistani security establishment and political leadership.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

Link The Japanese vice minister in charge of the cabinet office overseeing IR (Integrated Resorts), received bribes from a Chinese company, 500.com, in Shenzhen. Japanese law dictates that it is illegal for individual political candidates to receive any funds from corporations or individuals. Japanese prosecutors therefore only have to prove that politicians such as Akimoto Tsukasa received the funds from 500.com in order to obtain a conviction. As a result, there is no public evidence of Akimoto changing stance as a result of receiving the funds.

1. https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20210708/k10013127781000.html

Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team