Media

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/wip/SXnMj
2. https://archive.ph/wip/qiMFp

Supplementary Notes

Nine Entertainment has reportedly ended their contract with China Daily to distribute free copies in Dec 2020.

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://exk.kz/opinion/70121/ot-chumy-nie-zariekaiutsia-malienkii-virus-protiv-bolshogho-mira
2. https://liter.kz/kitaj-i-kazahstan-druzhit-neobhodimo-ili-chto-dumayut-eksperty-o-vliyanii-podnebesnoj/
3. https://forbes.kz/news/2020/04/03/newsid_222542

Supplementary Notes

I checked whether the Kazakhs wrote about the effectiveness of the virus and in fact, they praise the Chinese in the local media. Even Kazakh Forbes publishes articles derived from the Chinese media.

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-lanzan-edicion-peruana-revista-china-hoy-se-edita-150-paises-255154.aspx
2. https://plataformaenergetica.org/china/china-en-bolivia/zaichina-el-gobierno-chino-y-la-reconquista-de-los-chinos-en-el-peru-y-america-latina/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below links.

1. https://www.cjfe.org/how_beijing_has_infiltrated_the_canadian_media
2. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-and-media/2019/media-freedom-downward-spiral

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not cheap or free but expensive content. Two German newspapers, Handelsblatt and Süddeutsche Zeitung had records of publishing paid content provided by the state media China Daily under the name ChinaWatch. There's also an instance that Süddeutsche Zeitung published an insert regarding the Paralympics offered by Xinhua, although the newspaper added a disclaimer "advertisement" (Anzeige) on the page. (Link)

1. https://twitter.com/hfeldwisch/status/1182630283436314625
2. https://uebermedien.de/60966/das-halbe-bild-phoenix-zeigt-eine-doku-ueber-xinjiang-und-laesst-das-leid-der-uiguren-weg/
3. https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/china-verbreitet-propaganda-in-zeitungsbeilagen-im-westen-a-1109205.html

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow and Yu-Fen Lai, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bulgarian media maintain numerous cooperation partnership with Chinese media. Most visible is the reprinting of content from Chinese media by the Bulgarian medium 24 Chasa. Also, the Bulgarian newspaper China Today (Китай днес) republishes content from Chinese state media.

1. https://www.kitajdnes.com/
2. https://www.24chasa.bg/novini/6864124/
3. https://www.kas.de/documents/281902/281951/%E2%80%9CChina%E2%80%99s+Rising+Media+Presence+in+South+East+Europe%E2%80%9D.pdf/0beb5c40-b6dd-7292-5cc3-fd8a5c1be824?version=1.1&t=1607417514942

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Many mainstream media use contents provided by PRC state-fund media. RTVE even signed an agreement with CCTV to share content but that was in 2009 (see URL4 below).

1. https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20210116/6183700/china-hospitales-nangong-habei-covid-rebrotes.html
2. https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20200203/nuevo-hospital-contra-coronavirus-wuhan-milagro-chino-construido-solo-diez-dias/1998605.shtml
3. https://www.larazon.es/internacional/asia/20220427/ltze3apourexlh2rwhemgfrj5e.html
4. https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20090130/rtve-television-publica-china-cctv-intercambiaran-coproduciran-programas/226943.shtml

Supplementary Notes

In the first URL, La Vanguardia quotes Associated Press (AP) but the reason this URL is included is because it portrais a video provided by Xinhua Videos that looks more like a promotion video that an actual news.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chen Wen-fan, the deputy head of National Security Bureau revealed in his presentation in the Legislative Yuan on May 2nd 2019 that, certain media, including online and paper media and influencers, would echo with the Chinese propaganda in their contents, way of presentation and tone. NSB also revealed in their activity report that, the Chinese government would provide directives to the "like-minded" media, in order to disseminate controversial information to divide the solidarity of Taiwanese people, and to have other media following up the news. Through the social investigation conducted by civil organizations such as Watchout and other netizens monitoring the TV news, they discovered that the pro-Chinese media would intentionally weaken or shift the focus to create a "parallel universe".

1. https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-48159146
2. https://musou.watchout.tw/read/P4AACZl6ms7Ef7enkmWa

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Pu Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/SXnMj

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The main Singapore English language broadsheet, the Straits Times, is part of the Asia News Network that includes the China Daily and the China Post. China Daily and occasionally China Post/NOWnews articles and opinion will regularly feature in the Straits Times as a result. See, for instance: Link Link Link The Straits Times also uses wire reports from Xinhua. (See link above: Link) The Straits Times has declining readership, but is seen as the official mouthpiece of the ruling People's Action Party and the Singapore state even though it is technically publicly-owned via the Singapore Press Holdings, whose main shareholders include DBS Bank, the National University of Singapore, and Nanyang Technological University. Singapore Press Holdings also owns the other physical newspapers in circulation in Singapore, including the Mandarin Lianhe Zaobao, Lianhe Wanbao, Shin Min Ribao, Malay Berita Harian, and Tamil Tamil Murasu. From the 1980s, senior management and editors of the Straits Times have been individuals closely associated with the Singapore state or People's Action Party. There is an online publication run under Singapore Press Holdings, ThinkChina, that regularly runs pieces by influential persons from the PRC or hold pro-PRC leanings.

1. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/asia-news-network-celebrates-20th-anniversary-commits-to-bringing-region-closer
2. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/in-person-meetings-highlight-how-much-asean-and-china-treasure-ties-china-daily
3. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/two-sessions-will-set-course-that-will-also-help-the-world-china-daily-editorial
4. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/vaccine-selfishness-will-prolong-pandemic-china-daily
5. https://investor.sph.com.sg/main_shareholder.html
6. https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2016-02-29_133820.html
7. https://www.thinkchina.sg/about-us
8. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/china-holds-college-entrance-exam-with-tailored-covid-19-measures-in-place
9. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR4373z3.html

Supplementary Notes

Xinhua runs reports of reports from Singapore's Lianhe Zaobao (聯合早報) supportive of the PRC's official position, apparently to demonstrate foreign support for the PRC government's statements and claims, including on the denial of human rights abuses in Xinjiang. (See attachments). PRC-made TV series are distributed alongside similar programming from Korea via Singtel, one of the two main cable providers. Link

1. https://www.singtel.com/personal/products-services/lifestyle-services/cast/iqiyi

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is at least one program "Travel to China/China’s Journey” (Жунгого сапар) dubbed into Kyrgyz that is propaganda provided by PRC to schools and TVs to air. [Second respondent]: Significance somewhat high. Most people I spoke to who are in their 20s to 40s know this program. It’s their first place where they learn about China (the second place is school)

1. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/china-central-asia-soft-power-language/

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov and Niva Yau, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Mostly via Xinhua Press Agency, who also have Nairobi offices.

1. https://www.dw.com/en/experts-warn-of-chinas-growing-media-influence-in-africa/a-56385420

Answered by Cathy Wamaitha, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China’s official Xinhua News Agency has signed content exchange agreements with local news services.

1. https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Chinas-Global-Media-Footprint-Democratic-Responses-to-Expanding-Authoritarian-Influence-Cook-Feb-2021.pdf

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Independent Media publish regular PCR opinion articles on the front page of their newspapers and websites.

1. https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/opinion/genocide-tag-against-china-is-the-lie-of-the-century-60eee326-654e-49da-82ab-e1209f75cc7b

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.lesechos.fr/tech-medias/medias/startimes-loperateur-chinois-a-lassaut-de-laudiovisuel-africain-1040962

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Xinhua agency launched a supplement in an Argentine newspaper to deepen knowledge about China (reference 1). China Daily launches its Spanish supplement in Argentina (reference 2).

1. https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/201503/99468-agencia-xinhua-suplemento-diario-tiempo-argentino.html
2. http://espanol.cctv.com/2016/05/11/VIDEx4kZ37ziAIAbQu9vvlSf160511.shtml

Supplementary Notes

Tiempo Argentino and El Cronista are relevant newspaper with national scope in Argentina

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are free sections in many media outlets that are paid and written by the Grupo de Medios de China (China Media Group) a State-Run propaganda and media institution that installs narratives in local Public Opinion. They do so by interviewing key supporters of the PRC, publishing op-eds and re-posting news from main PRC state-run media, such as the Global Times, CGTN or Xinhua. Some of these sections are Conexión China at La Tercera (one of the country’s main newspapers) and Efecto China at Radio Cooperativa (a notable Radio Station). These sections often lead to disinformation publications (stating that China is a democracy), direct attacks to the US or rival countries or they glorify China’s actions. Some of them have also questioned Human Rights Issues in the country. There is a methodological need to confirm whether their presence has a specific impact on the general Public Opinion. For example, measuring Social Media reactions or running polls.

1. https://www.latercera.com/conexion-china/noticia/de-la-usach-a-beijing-el-chileno-que-estudia-un-doctorado-en-la-universidad-capital-de-economia-y-negocios-de-china/BJPC6T2OXBF3VMBLUZQQEYRCHI/
2. https://cooperativa.cl/noticias/corporativo/efecto-china/efecto-china-opinion/comprender-por-que-prospera-la-democracia-al-estilo-chino-a-traves-de-la/2021-03-16/222457.html?=efectochina
3. https://tv.emol.com/detail/20200214191414669/xiaoming-song-analiza-problemas-generados-por-coronavirus

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Telesur, an international news channel sponsored by the Venezuelan government, provides daily content from CGTN and/or Xinhua. Likewise, VTV Venezolana de Television, a state-owned TV channel that serves as the mouthpiece of the Venezuelan government, also regularly usus content from PRC state-fund media. Nonetheless, it could not be verified if the content is provided for free, paid, or through some kind of partnership between Chinese state media and Telesur and VTV.

1. https://videos.telesurtv.net/es/content/270172
2. https://www.telesurtv.net/news/china-lanza-mision-tripulada-estacion-espacial-20210616-0043.html
3. https://www.vtv.gob.ve/xinhua-once-anos-despues-mujer-fotografia-emblematica-historia-vida-transformada/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below article. Expert has also conducted an interview with a media influence specialist on this topic in October 2019.

1. https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/is-japan-immune-from-chinas-media-influence-operations/

Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/china-radio/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

An article about the Philippines under China’s expanding media influence — report Link Website of Chinese Embassy in the country: Link [Second respondent]: There’s the content-sharing agreement between Xinhua/CGTN/other China state media with Philippine state media PTV4, online Philippine News Agency, and joint production between China Radio International and Philippine Radio. These also extend to Philippine state media’s online platforms. On top of these, there’s the major daily Manila Bulletin that also publishes Xinhua articles.

1. http://www.shangbao.com.ph/
2. https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/chinas-soft-power-grows-in-the-philippines/
3. https://globalnation.inquirer.net/183231/philippines-under-chinas-expanding-media-influence-report
4. http://ph.chineseembassy.org/eng/zt/117/
5. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1049571
6. https://www.ifj.org/fileadmin/user_upload/IFJ_Report_2020_-_The_China_Story.pdf

Supplementary Notes

Chinese Commercial News with Shangbao, it is the Philippines' oldest existing Chinese-language newspaper, and the country's third-oldest existing newspaper overall. There is no article on how it was being circulated nowadays but it can be access anytime for free.

Answered by Camille Elemia and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• Cambodia-China Journalist Association Launched to Promote ‘Positive News’ Link • … As Southeast Asia remains a battleground between China and the United States, the region is a continuing target of the Asian giant’s media influence, with strategies ranging from press trips to content-sharing, media ownership, and economic incentives…. Link • … The station's programming includes local content alongside dramas and films from South Korea, Thailand and China. … In fact, Fresh News relies on Xinhua, China's central state-run news agency, for coverage of foreign affairs, which it publishes in Khmer and English. Mr. Lim is also planning a Chinese edition that would cater to the growing number of wealthy Chinese businessmen in Cambodia. Link

1. https://www.voacambodia.com/a/cambodia-china-journalist-association-launched-to-promote-positive-news/4926568.html
2. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/philippines-cambodia-struggle-press-freedom-china-amps-influence
3. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/in-cambodia-independent-media-have-closed-as-chinese-content-moves-in/article37464168/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Egypt today delivering the content of Xinhua News Agency Link

1. https://www.egypttoday.com/Tag/8531/Xinhua

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

On the website of the media outlet Link, which is based in Lebanon (is a local media) in the "Who we are" section, we see the list of Chinese media outlets from where their content is derived: China Radio International - Arabic section China today China Arabic TV China network China People's Newspaper

1. http://www.chinainarabic.org/?page_id=2

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with local Ghana media organisations such as The Finder newspaper, Ghanaian Times, Business Times, and Daily Graphic revealed that they enjoy a working relationship with the Local Chinese Embassy and publish their content from time to time.

1. https://freedomhouse.org/country/ghana/beijings-global-media-influence/2022
2. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cegh//eng/sgxw/t1418945.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A few national newspapers have in the past decade printed payed pages of ready-made content of Chinese national media, marked as "advertising", but this practice seems becoming less popular with publishers. At least one private radio, BFM, still has a broadcasting agreement with Radio Chine international. (see below URL)

1. https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/operations/chine-eco/

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

One of the significant daily newspapers in Greece, Kathimerini, signed a cooperation agreement with Xinhua in April 2017. A study produced by the Institute of International Economic Relations in Athens finds that in 2020 the English edition of the newspaper carried 66 Xinhua stories on its website, i.e. one every fifth day. Social media outlets have also delivered such content, such as: - the Facebook page of Greece-China Radio (see URL3 below). - the Facebook page of China Radio International(see URL4 below). or the website of CRI-Greece(see URL5 below)

1. https://www.ekathimerini.com/economy/217828/greek-chinese-news-cooperation/
2. https://idos.gr/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Sino-Greek-Relations_in_Media_18-3-2021.pdf
3. https://www.facebook.com/greecechinaradio
4. https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100068848134907&ref=aymt_homepage_panel
5. https://greek.cri.cn/index.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://sertv.gob.pa/realizan-presentacion-de-contenidos-de-china-en-panama/
2. https://espanol.cgtn.com/n/2021-06-23/FDeBAA/Bienvenidos-al-Festival-del-Cine-Chino-en-Panama-2021/index.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.visiontimes.com/2021/06/12/china-infiltrated-italys-media-outlets-to-influence-public-opinion.html
2. https://www.ifj.org/fileadmin/user_upload/210512_IFJ_The_Covid_Story_Report_-_FINAL.pdf
3. https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaip2143.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Though they are a few, they are significant because they represent all state media in Nicaragua.

1. https://100noticias.com.ni/politica/113493-programacion-china-television-nicaraguense/

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

All the aforementioned media outlets (Sinomedia, Sinologia, 4U) in Georgia financed by China also translate the Chinese articles. Moreover, Georgian Public Broadcaster offers "Chinese blogs"/"Chinese Diaries", digest twice a month. Details on the following link: Link

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010000/https://1tv.ge/analytics/chinuri-dghiuri-23-04-2021/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

…Baidu-backed Chinese video streaming giant iQiyi has teamed up with Celcom Axiata Bhd and Media Prima Bhd's content production and distribution arm Primeworks Studio, to boost its footprint in Malaysia… Link …“In Malaysia, making content farms is already an industry. You can make a living just doing that” said independent data journalist Kuek Ser Kuang Keng (郭史光慶). There are three major content farms in Malaysia, and in their heyday they could make money just by writing youth-oriented or inspirational articles. Later, when the platforms started to manage content, “a lot of people sold off their fan pages on the cheap,”… Link Media Prima owns several TV and radio stations which is affiliated with Najib’s party UMNO. It heavily criticised Mahathir’s candidacy candidacy in election. In Najib’s rule, there was a closer ties with the PRC. Therefore, it can be said that contents by Media Prima were positive towards China. (analysis based on Link ) …The report cited Taiwan (which Beijing views as a renegade province), Hong Kong (which has been the site of violent pro-democracy protests) and Xinjiang (in which China is facing accusations of suppressing the minority Uyghur population) as three key areas in which China is determined to control the narrative… Link

1. https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/chinas-iqiyi-joins-forces-media-prima-and-celcom-boost-footprint-malaysia
2. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/iqiyi-announces-strategic-partnership-with-malaysias-leading-media-brand-astro-expanding-entertainment-services-for-overseas-markets-300952473.html
3. https://www.taiwangazette.org/news/2020/3/10/fake-news-in-taiwan-comes-from-a-trans-national-content-farm-in-malaysia
4. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Malaysia-in-transition/Mahathir-moves-to-free-Malaysian-media-from-political-parties
5. https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/507301

Supplementary Notes

• …"Chinese diaspora outlets and media owners whose coverage serves the CCP’s interests are frequently rewarded with advertising, lucrative contracts for other enterprises, joint ventures and even political appointments."… …The party’s efforts under Xi Jinping have been remarkably effective at improving China’s image in key regions, but they have also fuelled a backlash, as journalists, policymakers, technology firms and civil society organisations around the world launch their own initiatives to increase transparency, diversify funding sources and protect press freedom."

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The UK-Chinese Times published an insert from the People’s Daily (the official mouthpiece of the CCP) from 2010 to 2018, but this publication is no longer widely in circulation. The Telegraph previously contained a “China Watch” section funded by the state-controlled outlet China Daily. However, The Independent now has an agreement with China Daily to platform China Watch.

1. https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/beijings-global-megaphone
2. https://www.ft.com/content/f5d00a86-3296-11e8-b5bf-23cb17fd1498
3. https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/china/china-daily

Answered by Hannah Bailey, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley and Sam Hogg

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The press statements from the PRC Embassy report specifically on video content produced by PRC state-funded media (CRI) and that have been aired by local Albanian media, specificaly the public broadcaster aired a documentary produced by CRI.

1. http://albanian.cri.cn/1552/2018/01/26/61s167629.htm
2. http://shekulli.com.al/61789/
3. http://albanian.cri.cn/news/region/3126/20211118/715610.html
4. http://albanian.cri.cn/news/region/3126/20191020/518999.html

Supplementary Notes

For more in general on this issue: Link ; and: Link“China’s-Rising-Media-Presence-in-South-East-Europe”.pdf

1. https://china-cee.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Working_paper-202021-by-Visar-Sylaj.pdf
2. https://bird.tools/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://stratcomcoe.org/publications/chinas-influence-in-the-nordic-baltic-information-environment-latvia-and-sweden/218

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

June 12, 2020 23:31 IST | ANI Press Release AddThis Sharing Buttons Share to Facebook Share to TwitterShare to LinkedInShare to TelegramShare to More Tennis player James Blake Chinese flag You would like to read Cannot impose lockdown in Pakistan with 25 pc population living on daily wages: Imran Khan Pakistan losing precious time to act decisively on Covid-19 outbreak Pak media raps PM Khan for all-round failures, imperious haste in passing Army Act Imran Khan wants to 'talk solutions to end conflicts' with India Islamabad, [Pakistan] June 12 (ANI): A researcher has warned that Chinese inroads into Pakistan's mainstream media, and state-level bilateral cooperation on telecommunications infrastructure and surveillance is growing, which poses a threat to people's freedom of speech in the country. Nowmay Opalinski, a research intern with the Centre for Internal & Regional Security (IreS), IPCS explores the potential implications of the steadily increasing Sino-Pak state-to-state collaboration in Pakistan's media and telecommunications sector. He said, "These developments are taking place against a backdrop of Pakistani state's growing attempts to censor online content domestically. How does this set of circumstances favour China? Where does China's big picture media strategy fit into this?" He found that since 2012, the government of Pakistan has been attempting to implement a national firewall to tighten control over content shared online. The introduction of the Pakistan Electronic Crime Act in 2016 was supposed to regulate harmful content like terrorist propaganda. However, it has also been used to censor opposition leaders and critics of the government. Nowmay Opalinski said, "January 2020, Pakistan adopted a new set of regulations framed under the Citizen Protection (Against-Online Harm) Rules, which entails plans for the Ministry of Information Technology and Communication to appoint a national coordinator in charge of online content regulation. The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan and the Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists denounced this move, and have argued its unconstitutionality". Reporters Without Borders and legal experts highlighted that the vague definitions of harmful contents leave room for arbitrary removal of content. Application of Article 6(s) also enables potential deactivation of user data encryption as it enforces social media companies to deliver extensive information, including "subscriber information, traffic data, content data, and any other information or data. This new regulation includes an obligation for all social media companies to open offices in Pakistan, where strict supervision of their ability to remove or block content will be enforced. It empowers the national coordinator to ask online platforms to surrender all information, private or public. These measures could lead to international social media platforms to re-evaluate their operations in Pakistan, as the Asia Internet Coalition (AIC) highlighted in their statement to Prime Minister Imran Khan. However, these new measures could also play in favour of Chinese social media platforms as an alternative in the country. Chinese content censorship on its online platforms is uniformly applicable, irrespective of whether an application is being used domestically or abroad. They could thus easily adapt to Pakistan's new regulations, and Beijing could even work with Islamabad to define the extent of internet censorship in Pakistan. Nowmay Opalinski said, "While such a cooperation has not yet taken place, China's growing footprint in Pakistan's telecommunication infrastructure could enable its occurrence. For example, the new cross-border fiber-optic cable which goes from Xinjiang to Rawalpindi via Khunjerab will involve the routing of internet traffic through China's regulated network. This could facilitate the exportation of the Chinese firewall system to Pakistan through a direct linkage. China has already exported social media surveillance tools to several countries. It is also showcasing its model of internet control in UN-mandated working groups on international cyber-norms by challenging "Internet freedoms and its multi-stakeholder governance." In December 2019, Firdous Ashiq Awan, Pakistan's then special assistant to the prime minister on information, urged Pakistan's local media to play an active role in promoting the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and to counter "negative propaganda." Her statement came a month after US Assistant Secretary of State for South Asia, Alice Wells, criticised China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and CPEC. The researcher said, "Since then, China and Pakistan have continued to reiterate the need for closer media cooperation. This is already taking shape, with China's state-run Xinhua news agency signing an MoU with local Pakistani media, which includes the provision of free content in both English and Urdu to their Pakistani counterparts. While the provision of content might be perceived as a good opportunity for the country's shrinking media industry, it could also be a step towards standardization of mainstream media information to promote BRI projects in Pakistan". There is a broader strategy at play here. China is now exporting news production through institutions such as the Belt and Road News Network. It has developed 'flooding' strategies, which involve publishing large volumes of online content through various state-sponsored channels. In a recent interview, state-run Pakistan Television Corporation officials reported that a "Rapid Response Initiative System" will be implemented to coordinate the efforts of China Economic Net (a Beijing-based online news organisation) and Pakistan China Institute (an Islamabad based pro-Beijing think-tank) to systematically counter negative views against CPEC. Subsidised trips for Pakistani journalists with training sessions in China are also being organised on a frequent basis. Beijing wishes to promote a new model of journalism across the world, and is holding international conferences such as the Belt and Road Journalists Forum and the China-Pakistan Media Forum to get the word out. Beyond content-related issues, China's investment in the media sector mainly favours state-owned outlets over independent and/or private entities.

1. https://www.app.com.pk/global/7th-cpec-media-forum-eyes-fruitful-results/
2. https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/expert-warns-of-china-s-inroads-into-pakistan-s-mainstream-media-and-telecommunications-120061200692_1.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, there are press statements that China's embassy issue that are published into news by local media.

1. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/05/24/china-supports-sanitation-in-west-java.html
2. https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2020/04/14/insight-work-hand-in-hand-for-a-new-era-of-china-indonesia-friendship.html
3. https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-china-persuaded-one-muslim-nation-to-keep-silent-on-xinjiang-camps-11576090976
4. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/t1652541.shtml
5. https://mediaindonesia.com/opini/404625/ekonomi-tiongkok-membaik-prospek-cerah-kerja-sama-bilateral

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Apparently, the state channel has delivered contents from CGTV.

1. https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-educacion-cultura/comunicacion/noticias/uruguay-china-0

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Thanks to a recent agreement between a Chinese media content producer and the Colombian national TV broadcaster (RTVC), a limited number of Chinese movies and documentaries have been aired in public Colombian TV (Señal Colombia), though viewership of said channel is not even in the top 20, so its impact is exceedingly low. There are no other known deals.

1. https://www.rtvc.gov.co/noticia/rtvc-alianza-productora-mundial-bruce-lee
2. https://www.senalcolombia.tv/cultura/gala-ano-nuevo-chino

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Canal 6Tv, la televisión de Oriente, is the media outlet that has delivered content provided by PRC under a news’ segment called “De China para México”. This segment is done under the collaboration of China Media Group (CMG). This media outlet has its own web page: Link It also has a presence in Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube. According to Facebook, it is a TV channel that covers the most relevant events in the eastern zone of Estado de Mexico (one of the state members of the Mexican Federal Republic), and it has 289 871 followers. Canal 6 Tv | Facebook On Twitter, it has 9480 followers Link , and finally, on youtube, it has 34200 subscribers. https:// www.youtube.com/channel/UCgJa0SnqfGipe6hs1-rv1Fg

1. https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?v=220764559823397&ref=watch_permalink
2. https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?v=1098221623995358&ref=watch_permalink

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• Based on the sources shared in 4, 5 and 6 questions, this trend is widely found in Thailand. In an initiative taken in 2015, Xinhua signed an MOU with an obscure news site called OPT News. As of the latest information available in November, at least 12 media now have MOUs with Xinhua. (Link) … Yet this reputation for quality, independent journalism did not stop Khao Sod and Matichon Group from partnering with state media from a country with one of the most repressive media environments in the world. In 2019, as Foreign Policy has reported, Khao Sod and Matichon announced a partnership with Xinhua, and Khao Sod began running Xinhua articles. (Link) Khaosod, meaning “fresh news,” is a staple of Thai current affairs with a moderate-to-liberal bent and an approximate daily circulation of 900,000 along with 13 million Facebook followers… Link However, this indicator measures whether local media outlets broadcast news, video clips, or other contents provided by PRC state-fund media. The phenomenon can be observed via footages of content pieces. Therefore, press statement from PRC governmental agencies do not fall into the category of contents provided by PRC state-fund media.

1. https://th.boell.org/en/2019/12/28/china-told-china-beijings-influences-reach-thai-media-and-beyond
2. https://www.cfr.org/blog/thailands-press-warms-chinese-state-media
3. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/28/chinese-propaganda-finds-a-thai-audience/

Supplementary Notes

Chinese Propaganda Finds a Thai Audience:…Khaosod English ran news wire copy from China’s propaganda flagship, Xinhua.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Literární noviny magazine has a cooperation agreement with Guangming Ribao and frequently reprints its content in its section Reading China+.

1. https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/domaci/literarni-noviny-cina-spoluprace/r~f68e6648316811eaa24cac1f6b220ee8/
2. https://www.literarky.cz/reading-china

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The media outlets delivering free content from the Chinese state-owned media are Kina Danas and Glas Kine. Their sources are various state-owned media such as Xinhua, China Radio International, Global Times, China Daily and China Global Television Network.

1. http://www.kina-danas.com/prvi-slucaj-covid-19-lokalne-zaraze-u-francuskoj-pojavio-se-vec-se-na-kraju-prosinca/
2. http://www.kina-danas.com/xi-jinping-poziva-politicke-partije-da-preuzmu-odgovornost-za-dobrobit-ljudi/
3. http://www.kina-danas.com/kina-objavila-bijelu-knjigu-o-zaposlenju-i-radnim-pravima-u-autonomnoj-regiji-ujgura-xinjiang/
4. http://pojasiput.ba/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/GlasKine-01-small-1.pdf

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Jordan Times, airing information derived from China Daily and Xinhua Link Link

1. http://www.jordantimes.com/search/site/china%20daily
2. http://www.jordantimes.com/search/site/Xinhua

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/haber/turk-cin-medyasi-arasinda-stratejik-ortaklik-anlasmasi-198656
2. http://www.gercekhayat.com.tr/medya/turk-medyasinda-cin-orgutlenmesi/
3. https://odatv4.com/kultur-sanat/kirmizi-kediden-cin-atilimi--20081940-167104

Supplementary Notes

In 2019, Aydinlik media house which is knows for its pro-Chinese coverage signed a protocol with the Beijing Media Network for creating joint reports on Turkey and China. In addition to this, Kirmizi Kedi Publishing House publishes a quarterly magazine called Modern Silk Road which is funded by Chinese state funds.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://balkaninsight.com/2021/03/26/big-brother-serbias-media-are-creating-nation-of-china-lovers/

Supplementary Notes

While China Radio International is technically broadcast through a local station’s frequency and China Today supplement is handed out once a month with the weekly news magazine Nedeljnik, their reach in the wider Serbian media landscape is limited. Chinese TV networks, such as CGTN, which are available via cable, are not part of domestic media landscape per se, and also have very limited reach.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Indian mainstream media, in recent times, has carried propaganda articles by Chinese mouthpieces to further the Chinese agenda on contentious issues. Hindustan Times, for instance, on its 13th of December, 2019 edition carried two articles by one Yuan Shenggao under the sponsorship of China Watch Daily, a Chinese government mouthpiece. The articles were titled “Decades of progress highlighted” and “Unparalleled change experienced within a space of generation". Also, there is active probing by Indian Government authorities of such articles.

1. https://www.opindia.com/2020/11/it-department-probe-the-hindu-hindustan-times-lro-chinese-propaganda/
2. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ed-probes-media-portals-funding-from-businessman-linked-to-china-regime/articleshow/84514212.cms

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Lhakpa Kyizom

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Tashkent, Uzbekistan (UzDaily.com) -- The Xinhua news agency published an article on the participation of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev in the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games in Beijing on 4-5 February. Link

1. https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/71332

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is an ongoing partnership between CGTN Africa and the Gambia Radio and Television Service (GRTS). Also, Xinhua has a content sharing agreement with the Point and Standard newspapers in the Gambia.

1. https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/the-point-partners-with-china-news-agency
2. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cegm/eng/sgxw/t1866020.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We have seen instances of publishing China specific contents in Bangladeshi media through the privately owned newswire UNB news or the state owned newswire BSS. (see below URL 1 & 2) It is to be noted that UNB news has a content sharing agreement with Xinhua. (see below URL 3)

1. https://www.bssnews.net/business/55297
2. https://unb.com.bd/category/Opinion/building-a-china-bangladesh-community-of-public-health-through-solidarity-and-cooperation/52694
3. https://www.unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/unb-xinhua-sign-news-exchange-agreement/3046

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.mynewsdesk.com/gbtimes/pressreleases/gbmm-starts-cooperation-with-hungarian-klasszik-radio-793612

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2018, Le Soir, a nationwide French newspaper, published a double page from China Daily and another from Xinhua newsagency ("Focus Belgique-Chine").

1. https://www.lesoir.be/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/china-news.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A local media called Shamshad TV is broadcasting 15 minutes China’s related news and it is portrayed as enhancing cultural and social relations between China and Afghanistan. But the media is not popular at all.

1. https://afghanistanchina.wordpress.com/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://espanol.cgtn.com/n/2022-05-03/GfDCEA/CGTN-y-medios-de-comunicacion-latinoamericanos-y-caribenos-presentan-el-programa-especial-CGTN-Charla-Juvenil-China-America-Latina/index.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No existen registros actuales, los últimos fueron sobre acuerdos suscritos con el anterior Gobierno ecuatoriano en el año 2016 para la transmisión de telenovelas, series y películas chinas (ver link 1). Por ejemplo “el convenio fue entre Zhi Liming (representante de oficina de comunicación de China) y “En el Ojo Films”. Esta última es una productora con sede en Quito y tiene más de 10 años de experiencia. En su trayectoria resaltan sus trabajos para la Secretaría Nacional de Comunicación (Secom), para la Presidencia de la República, así como para otras entidades y proyectos promocionales del gobierno” (link1).

1. https://bit.ly/3PTerEj

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://curierulnational.ro/china/

Supplementary Notes

We detected only one partnership between a news website (CurierulNational.ro) and PRC-controlled entities (CCTV and Radio China International), which publishes 5-6 news stories a day on China-related topics

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Only local RFE / RL (Radio Liberty) has used Chinese media content, but this way it warned Tajiks of Chinese intentions over the appropriation of its land. Link

1. https://rus.ozodi.org/a/31047904.html

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence suggesting this.

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found on cheap or free contents provided by PRC state-fund media in Brazil.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence that PRC state-fund media have delivered cheap or free contents in Bolivia.

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interviews with a journalist of an important media holding and with an independent journalist. Both asked for source confidentiality. The people consulted stated that there is no reference to this.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence local media outlets delivered cheap or free contents provided by PRC state-funded media directly, unless they are some unknown, minor media outlets.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Only as paid advertisements. Since Spring 2021 all major news outlets (DELFI, Postimees and SL Õhtuleht) have declared to stop publishing PRC paid advertisements.

1. https://news.err.ee/1608178030/chinese-embassy-advert-in-estonian-paper-denounces-uighur-genocide-claims

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that.

Supplementary Notes

If the questions covers the media outlets that serve as the direct transmission channel for the Chinese PRC state-funded media and which cover China related topics using only materials provided by the Chinese entities then the answer should be 0. The grade 2 was originally given because “There are many media outelst in Poland which use the content provided by the Chinese state owned media, even the media critical of China such as Gazeta.pl use Xinhua News content. There is not much connection between using pure information, often trivial by the Polish media and Chinese influence.” Specific examples of the articles: Link Link , Link, Link, Link.

1. https://wyborcza.pl/7,75399,27348808,12-osob-zginelo-w-powodzi-w-jednej-z-prowicji-w-chinach.html
2. https://biznes.interia.pl/gospodarka/news-zmarl-agronom-yuan-longping-ojciec-ryzu-hybrydowego,nId,5248961
3. https://pogoda.interia.pl/zdjecia/zdjecie,iId,2984585,iAId,391070
4. https://www.pap.pl/pap-technologie/762217%2Cchinski-bezzalogowy-statek-kosmiczny-polecial-przywiezc-probki-z-ksiezyca
5. https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C627889%2Cchiny-bilans-zmarlych-na-covid-19-w-wuhanie-podniesiono-o-50-proc.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no data to ascertain this. While the media report on contents of PRC state funded media, there is no evidence to show that they deliver it on a cheap or free basis.

1. https://english.news.cn/africa/20220429/e4f1d0e8caa04a65a038cd1ae0f4877f/c.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with officials at the Tanzanian Ministry for Information established that there are Chinese cultural programs aired by number of channels in Startimes TV decoders. However, there is no free Chinese contents aired by other local channels.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The only thing worth noting here is that certain Slovak fringe media outlets carried several articles signed by Chinese ambassador.

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Throughout these last several years one could observe a certain uptick of relatively high-quality Chinese documentaries about culture and nature as well as feature films broadcast on Lithuanian television. There has also been a certain rise of visual footage about world affairs from Chinese news agencies. This of course would probably suggest comparatively cheaper price of this content in the market.

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence to suggest otherwise

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

During our research, we found no instances of North Macedonian media outlets of any kind offering Chinese news content. However, when it comes to the wider context, a Skopje based analyst and expert on China told us that in the last decade, unlike the influence of Russia which has been seen as more of a disruptive force aimed at spreading false narratives and creating problems, the Chinese influence has been rather different, focused much more at creating a positive image of China, as a benevolent soft power in the region and the world, and a country of stunning achievements. In this respect, the Chinese narratives have been visible in the traditional media, trough content provided or inspired by Chinese outlets, as well as in the online media and trough social networks. The expert argues that this is the case mainly due to the bad financial state North Macedonian media are in, which makes them more susceptible to copy-pasting content from abroad instead of dedicating their own effort to produce such stories, rather than pressure or other forms of influences on them. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a study on disinformation in North Macedonia has identified three main Chinese narratives that have also penetrated North Macedonia’s media space: denouncing the possibility that the virus originated from China, emphasizing the failure of Western countries in dealing with the health crisis and outlining the help that China has offered to other countries, including North Macedonia. However, in the vast majority of cases, reporting about these topics in the country has been balanced or somewhat balanced, offering Chinese views confronted with the Western ones.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such attempts have been observed (in contrast with Uzbekistan’s podrobno.uz portal, for example). However, some Turkmen media reprint some news about China from Russian sources and the routes of some of them go to Chinese sources. Like these stories in the two report, "China launches first rocket into space from balloon", "China installs world's highest automatic weather station".

1. https://turkmenportal.com/blog/46612/kitai-vpervye-zapustil-v-kosmos-raketu-s-vozdushnogo-shara
2. https://orient.tm/ru/post/37305/v-kitae-ustanovili-samuyu-vysokuyu-v-mire-avtomaticheskuyu-meteostanciyu

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The media market is fully dominated by free / cheap content provided by Russia

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://nos.nl/artikel/2332437-diplomatie-of-politiek-ambassadeurs-roeren-zich-in-de-coronacrisis

Supplementary Notes

See comment at indicator 8

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This was espeially common under the Patriotic Front government. Reports of China wanting to twin its cities with Zambian cities came from China

Supplementary Notes

Mr Kangwa did not provide persuasive support for this, choosing only to rely on informal discussions with his Patroti Front- affiliated friends whose only denial about possible human rights violations in China was that other countries are interfering with China's internal affairs

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Some information exists from a person in the media sector (influencer) that PRC-related entities have posted positive news in Ukrainian media; there is no official or public confirmation of this. Due to the current context in Ukraine, many public persons interviewed have reservations to be quoted

Supplementary Notes

Only marginal channels, in general online

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Supplementary Notes

According to our reviewer expert, there are content-sharing agreements where Azerbaijani outlets reprint Xinhua and China Daily English articles. However, we could not find public evidence.

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili