Turkmenistan
* As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores.
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure
Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC's influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit.
Pressure
Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision.
Effect
Effect evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual effects and impacts on the target country.
In 2021, Turkmenistan had a GDP per capital of US$7,612, and a total population of 6.11 million.
Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China in 1992. In 2022, Turkmenistan was ranked 177th in Reporters Without Borders' 2022 World Press Freedom Index, and Not Free in Freedom House's 2022 Global Freedom Status, with a score of 2/100.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country’s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
- Media20.5% / 30.1%
- Academia20.5% / 34%
- Economy40.0% / 33.6%
- Society10.0% / 23.6%
- Military9.1% / 23.4%
- Law Enforcement27.3% / 30.2%
- Technology54.5% / 40.8%
- Domestic Politics34.1% / 37.2%
- Foreign Policy59.1% / 41%
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
None found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report named "Belt and Road International Media Cooperation: Refinement Can Be Better" revealed, Medias from Turkmenistan are part of the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) Media Cooperation Forum, one of the Turkmen media even signed joint statement of the Forum. SREB is one half of Belt and Road. As Turkmenistan have amongst the worse ranked media freedoms in the world, the few state-owned medias are authoritative as Turkmen public have no access to any other alternatives. Since Turkmen media (all of them are state controlled) have cooperation with the PRC, it can be interpreted as a state-approved decision to work closer with the PRC in media cooperation. This can reflect Chinese influence towards foreign priority of Turkmenistan, in the sense that Turkmen state wants their public to know the government is working with the PRC. Significant in this sense, not in the sense of PRC actually being able to influence Turkmen media.
- http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2014/0703/c1004-25233717-9.html
- http://www.scio.gov.cn/m/31773/35507/35510/35524/document/1564897/1564897.htm
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have attended all-expenses paid media tours in PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
11 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
71 countries answered this indicator; 11 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "Congratulatory Letter from President Xi Jinping to the 2016 Belt and Road Media Cooperation Forum" mentioned, Turkmen medias attended forums and media tours to PRC. As Turkmenistan have amongst the worse ranked media freedoms in the world, the few state-owned medias are authoritative as Turkmen public have no access to any other alternatives. Thus ranked 3.
- http://www.beltroadforum.com/m/p/697/detail
- http://www.rizhao.gov.cn/art/2019/9/19/art_33119_7166765.html
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmen medias rarely receive trainings from third countries. As well, it appears that these trainings are provided to all five Central Asian states, it is rare occasion for them to get together. The report "Deputy Director Wang Guoqing meets with trainees of news media from neighboring countries in Xinjiang" reveals a meeting/training, this is likely for the purpose of maintaining the discourse on Xinjiang consistent in the region neighbouring it.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state-media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or partly owned by PRC citizens or corporations.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media outlets that have delivered cheap or free contents provided by PRC state-fund media.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such attempts have been observed (in contrast with Uzbekistan’s podrobno.uz portal, for example). However, some Turkmen media reprint some news about China from Russian sources and the routes of some of them go to Chinese sources. Like these stories in the two report, "China launches first rocket into space from balloon", "China installs world's highest automatic weather station".
- https://turkmenportal.com/blog/46612/kitai-vpervye-zapustil-v-kosmos-raketu-s-vozdushnogo-shara
- https://orient.tm/ru/post/37305/v-kitae-ustanovili-samuyu-vysokuyu-v-mire-avtomaticheskuyu-meteostanciyu
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are regular PRC state-media or government advertisements inserted within local newspapers, online news websites or social media.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such attempts have been observed. Only China-related ads I’ve seen were related to Chinese business, and Turkmen business cooperation with Chinese counterparts.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denouncement, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
24 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan does not allow any free space in media to begin with. Thus, there are already no journalists who can engage in investigative journalism, or journalism in general. So, there are no journalists who work on PRC related issues, thus, no pressure is needed to be exercised.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are incidents of media outlets censoring views critical of the PRC government.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no censoring views critical of the PRC government because there is no independent media outlets. Medias in Turkmenistan are instruments of the state and thus all views on the PRC are in following state policy.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who deny the existence of human rights abuses in the PRC (e.g. a media personality that doubts there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Could not find any information about Xinjiang in Turkmen news portals/ magazines/ journals except for those that are related to China’s relationship with Turkmenistan. International news are badly covered by Turkmen news web-site if they are not related to Turkmenistan. There is however an observation from the reviewer that a Chinese magazine on Xinjiang was spotted in a hotel in Ashgabat. This magazine is likely to be "kontimost" (land bridge), it's published in Russian and also can be found in other Central Asian countries.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country’s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
9 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As an isolated, land-locked dictatorship, Turkmenistan has few foreign partners. The PRC is actively engaging in all sectors, including academia. According to the report named "A researcher from the Turkmen Research Center of Lanzhou University was invited by the Turkmen government to participate in a large-scale international forum on Turkmen culture there is a center for Turkmenistan studies at the Lanzhou University, the only dedicated study of Turkmenistan overseas. The center has a lot of engagement with the Turkmen Ministry of Education, they are always invited to events in Ashgabat, working in joint research with Turkmen sinologists etc, as shown in the reports, "Notice of the Department of International Cooperation of the Ministry of Science and Technology on Organizing a Visit to Turkmenistan to Participate in the "First China-Turkmenistan Science Innovation Forum". Also, in industrial sectors, many PRC entities also work with Turkmen universities and research institutions. For example, as you can see in the report ""The Ministry of Science and Technology and the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan signed a memorandum of understanding on scientific and technological innovation cooperation", the PRC Ministry of Science and Technology has cooperation agreement with the Turkmen Academy of Sciences. They host joint research and events. In agriculture, according to the report "Beijing Botanical Garden and Turkmen Agricultural University sign a memorandum of cooperation online", the Beijing Zoo has a cooperation agreement with the Turkmen Agricultural University to conduct research in science of plants, gardening, etc. Reviewer notes that other foreign actors, such as Europeans and the Malaysian Petronas, are also working in Ashgabat giving away equipment and so on. We however insist on a 4 here because the extend of PRC academia outreach is larger in scope and in quantity.
- http://tkmst.lzu.edu.cn/detail.php?aid=12991
- http://www.most.gov.cn/kjbgz/202109/t20210907_176743.html
- https://kjt.hubei.gov.cn/kjdt/tzgg/201911/t20191102_326232.shtml
- http://wb.beijing.gov.cn/home/yhcs/qtcs/zxdt/202012/t20201214_2164292.html
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
5 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are no official Confucius Institutes/ Classrooms in Turkmenistan, but according to the report "Chinese fever is emerging in many countries in Central Asia, and Confucius Institutes are blooming everywhere"there are at least 3 universities offering Chinese language programs, including one directly affiliated with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Reviewer observed that some Chinese teachers in Ashgabat were sent by Hanban despite no official CI. No external link proof.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "Turkmenistan schools and universities to offer Chinese classes" pointed out, Turkmen government is cited to have since 2015 opened Chinese and Japanese for 5th graders. Chinese Embassy in Ashgabat confirmed visiting Chinese teachers sent by Hanban.
- https://world.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJPAv7
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/chn/pds/wjdt/zwbd/t1472706.htm
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sgdt/202005/t20200527_9490201.htm
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial support from PRC-connected individuals or entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
10 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
72 countries answered this indicator; 10 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Unlikely that Turkmen scholars can receive independent funding from PRC
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The programs that exist in Turkmenistan are PRC programs to train Turkmen energy engineers and bring them back to work in CNPC operations in Turkmenistan. Not part of talent recruitment programs in the sense of getting foreign talent to get access to foreign technology.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
13 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
69 countries answered this indicator; 13 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As you can see in the report "Turkmenistan education seminar ended successfully", there are some programs towards the intellectual community but not many when comparing regional experiences. Also this community is unlikely to be influential in Turkmenistan given local context.
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cetm/chn/sbwl/t1678066.htm
- https://www.synu.edu.cn/2013/0228/c2849a29778/pagem.htm
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are likely no Chinese students studying in Turkmenistan as the country has strict rules prohibiting foreigners to live in Turkmenistan. A 2014 article, "Professor Minavar Abibra of the Department of Uyghur Language and Literature was awarded the Makhtoum Kuri Feilager Award by the President of Turkmenistan" says that the PRC only has one expert on the Turkmen language.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been denied visas to travel to the PRC after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan does not allow any spaces for freedom of speech to begin with. Thus, there are already no scholars who can engage in critical analysis in general.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
16 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are confirmed reports of teachers or professors avoiding the discussion of sensitive political issues (e.g. Uyghur re-education camps, Taiwan independence, Tiananmen Square Massacre).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
77 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
This is likely the case but less because of consideration of the PRC but instead, it is likely done under consideration of Turkmen state policy in general towards PRC.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC’s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to "Country (region) guide for foreign investment and cooperation", the answer is Yes (for the past 10 years)
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 50% of my country’s sovereign debt.
Skip
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
But actually we don’t know the real numbers, Turkmenistan stopped publishing those and international organizations like WB and IMF also do not have access to this information.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
gas export from Turkmenistan to PRC has experienced consistent growth since starting operation in 2012, at 21.3 bcm, 51.4% of total Chinese gas import. The figure gradually climbed to 31.7 bcm in 2017, 37.3 bcm in 2020 and 34 bcm in 2021. While the situation in 2018 and 2021 is revealed in “BP statistical review of world energy“ 2018 and 2021 edition, the report "China Imports 34 bcm of Turkmen Natural Gas in 2021" shows the circumstance of 2021/2022.
- https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf
- https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf
- https://business.com.tm/post/8075/china-imports-34-bcm-of-turkmen-natural-gas-in-2021
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, as shown in the report "Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline, Turkmenistan to China" and the document "Country (region) guide for foreign investment and cooperation Turkmenistan", sensitive and only lucrative sector of Turkmenistan, gas.
- http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/dl/gbdqzn/upload/tukumansitan.pdf
- https://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/centralasiachinagasp/
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
55 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade or investment sanctions) that was specifically tailored at products or services that are highly dependent on the PRC market.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "What Drives Chinese Arms Sales in Central Asia? The Chinese military technology industry is becoming a serious leader in Central Asia." shows, PRC put Turkmenistan on a military export blacklist as a retaliation of the country putting up higher prices of gas in 2018, Turkmenistan put up prices in fear of US sanction on the PRC. I wrote a bit on this here
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local businesses have been harassed, threatened, or boycotted, due to their activities or statements in support of causes deemed unacceptable by the PRC government (e.g. Taiwanese independence, Hong Kong democracy, Tibet or Xinjiang issues, etc).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No actors speak against state policies in Turkmenistan.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No FTAs per se, but there's an agreement to trade Turkmen natural gas for Chinese-made military equipment, as shown in the report "In-depth: How China becomes third-largest supplier of weapons worldwide?".
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities requisitioned infrastructure or land for failure to repay debts in a timely manner.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
76 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the report "Turkmenistan says China gas pipeline debt paid off", Turkmen President proudly claims that he has been paying debts to PRC on time.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC’s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Given Turkmen policies prohibiting foreigners to live in Turkmenistan, unlikely that these groups can administratively have a presence in Turkmenistan. There is a China Central Asia Friendship Association but members are based in PRC and they occasionally jointly host events with PRC embassies in the region, including in Turkmenistan, but it shouldn’t count as an organization working in Turkmenistan.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese expat is a small group in Turkmenistan, only Embassy staff and those who work for the 10 Chinese companies working in Turkmenistan.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions cooperate on exchanges or official visits to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) in the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local reports of personnel linked to the UFWD who make appearances at Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat festival tournaments, etc).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No UFWD groups in Turkmenistan. Though the Chinese embassy organize some events with the small group who work for Chinese companies.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations that are closely engaged with their counterparts locally, such as All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
33 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
8 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Again, no UFWD and small expat community.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "China polishes its image in Central Asia through the soft power of language" reveals, embassy donates to some local NGOs.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
11 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Cultural products (such as films and TV shows) produced by my country’s production studios typically portray the PRC in a positive light.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No mention of China at all
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, celebrities regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the national or local governments regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC (e.g. statements from the PRC government or embassies).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, a majority of citizens have positive views of the PRC government.
Skip
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Given the understanding that Turkmenistan is an extremely closed-off society, its citizens are given information provided by the state. As the state have been having good relations with China in the past 10 years, a good image of China is consistently presented. Based on this, it is likely that majority of citizens have positive views of the PRC government, however where is no research that can possibly be done on this on Turkmenistan.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country currently exports military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment to the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
At least not been publicly disclosed. But you can see in the report named "China intends to become an investment partner in Turkmenistan shipbuilding industry" that Turkmenistan has some warship/ submarine capacity and Chinese companies have been interested to work with the ship-building sector in Turkmenistan.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
At least not been publicly disclosed. But you can see in the report named "China intends to become an investment partner in Turkmenistan shipbuilding industry" that Turkmenistan has some warship/ submarine capacity and Chinese companies have been interested to work with the ship-building sector in Turkmenistan.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish basing.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan established itself as a permanently neutral State in 1995.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
5 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan established itself as a permanently neutral State in 1995.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, members of the military have received professional military education from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
34 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, members of the military have received peacekeeping training from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials advocate for more coordination with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan established itself as a permanently neutral State in 1995.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
50 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While China has had these agreements long ago with Central Asian countries under the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), as Turkmenistan is not a member, the new "C+C5" (China + 5 Central Asian states) format has brought about many new agreements between the two countries. As the report named "China + Five Central Asian Countries Data Security Cooperation Initiative" reveals, a new agreement between C+C5 , in June 2022, was signed on digital security cooperation, in which data sharing was mentioned as a key cooperation area to jointly combat transnational crime.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combatting terrorism.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
26 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report of "Joint Statement of the People's Republic of China and Turkmenistan", in 2006, Turkmenistan signed the "Joint agreement to combat terrorism, separatism and extremism" with the PRC.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of economic espionage targeting the private sector that were suspected to benefit PRC-connected entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
15 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, triads are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate or punish Chinese dissidents.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
51 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"At a security get together in May 2019, the Uzbek government shared its “safe cities” successes with officials from Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan...Turkmenistan in 2017 and Tajikistan in 2018 adopted new policies that nevertheless still remain limited in reach given poor enforcement."
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, representatives of the PRC police force have had joint patrols with local law enforcement.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has detained people at the request of the PRC for committing a crime involving engagements with social movements or resistance activities in Hong Kong, Xinjiang or for other human rights or civic rights issues.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deported Taiwan citizens to the PRC to face prosecution.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or has deported individuals to the PRC, although such decisions had attracted criticisms from politicians, government employees or from local or foreign NGOs.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
21 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC’s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "Turkmenistan approves purchase of communications equipment from Huawei" revealed.
- http://www.news.cn/2021-11/12/c_1128059276.htm
- https://www.cnfin.com/world-xh08/a/20120704/982157.shtml
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
16 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "Turkmenistan approves purchase of communications equipment from Huawei" shows, it's likely to enhance Turkmenistan’s authoritarian digital capacity.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have adopted hardware or technical specifications by PRC-connected entities in internet/wifi/telecommunication service infrastructure projects, in addition to 4G/5G cellular network.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
14 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
74 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As these reports "Turkmen officials optimistic about Huawei", "Huawei Technologies to provide telecommunications equipment to Turkmenistan part of the project will be opened soon", "Huawei wins $2.5 million equipment order from Turkmenistan's Ministry of Communications" revealed, Huawei has been working in Turkmenistan since 2002, it’s the key provider of both hardware and software to the Turkmen telecommunication sector. Beyond consumer use, according to the report "Huawei Helps Turkmenistan Railway Build Steel Silk Road", Huawei also provides to industrial sector of Turkmenistan, for example to the railway sector.
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-09/18/c_127002965.htm
- https://e.huawei.com/cn/case-studies/cn/2017/201705021506
- http://tm.mofcom.gov.cn/article/jmxw/200604/20060401981789.shtml
- https://it.sohu.com/20050510/n225493871.shtml
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized vendors to supply tech-related equipment or services to our government, military or security services.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
28 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
53 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the article on the website "Mapping China's TECH GIANTS" and picture of "Meiya Pico support the Belt And Road to promote international cooperation" show.
- https://archive.fo/10iVx/a62920c2c56335fe4a5e27fc85b31fef0470dfe3.jpg
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/data/
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have collaboration (such as data collection or exchange agreement, or adoption of related hardwares) with the PRC government or PRC-connected entities on facial, voice recognition or other applications involving biometrics achieved by AI.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "Smart Cities or Surveillance? Huawei in Central Asia" says.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city” systems.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
35 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "Smart Cities or Surveillance? Huawei in Central Asia" says.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
63 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan uses SWIFT with China but shows positive signs in terms of RMB usage for Credit Transfer Payments
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected venture capital invests in technology start-ups.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on usage.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The majority of the international apps are blocked in Turkmenistan. However, people through VPN (usually these are the most popular apps that phone users in Turkmenistan download) nevertheless use them. Although TikTok is gaining popularity among the young Turkmens it is still not in the top 5.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of BeiDou satellite navigation system.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "China-Central Asia Beidou Cooperation Forum Held in Lanzhou, Gansu" meantions.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
20 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities have sister-city ties (友好城市) with municipalities in the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
10 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, as the reports "Xi'an City Holds Video Conference with Sister City of Mare, Turkmenistan" and "Rizhao and Turkmennabat establish sister city relationship" showed. But sister-city ties unlikely to influence Ashgabat-made Turkmen policies and relations with PRC.
- http://m.rzw.com.cn/pcarticle/145310
- http://szfwsb.lanzhou.gov.cn/art/2017/11/16/art_8357_421177.html
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sbwl/202008/t20200825_9490354.htm
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
unlikely to find concrete evidence that it’s “paid for”
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by
In my country, politicians or government employees visit the PRC and have meetings with PRC officials and think tanks.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
1 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As a country which claims neutrality status, Turkmenistan has close ties to the PRC and it is reflected through many of these visits which discusses deepening of cooperation, as you may see in the reports below: "Meeting with Turkmenistan Ministry of Textile Industry, Minister of Trade and Consumer Cooperation and President of Food Industry Association in Guangzhou", Vice Minister of Agriculture Niu Dun meets with Deputy Foreign Minister of Turkmenistan Miadyev and his delegation", "Vice Minister Ding Wei Meets with Deputy Minister of Culture of Turkmenistan Shamurradov", "Du Zhanyuan meets with Turkmenistan Minister of Education Agmeradov", "Tan Tieniu Meets with Minister of Education of Turkmenistan", "Xi Jinping Meets with President Shcherdar Berdymukhamedov of Turkmenistan", "Wang Yi Meets with Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Turkmenistan Meledov".
- http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ai/200707/20070704902638.shtml
- http://www.moa.gov.cn/xw/gjjl/201401/t20140116_3741233.htm
- https://www.mct.gov.cn/whzx/tpxw/201409/t20140930_829572.htm
- http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/moe_1485/201612/t20161216_292246.html
- https://www.cas.cn/sygz/201612/t20161219_4585218.shtml
- http://czt.gxzf.gov.cn/xwdt/gwy/t3258154.shtml
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial related training offered the PRC-connected individuals or entities has been accepted by national or subnational governments.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the reports "The first phase of the New Eurasian Continental Bridge Safety Corridor Law Enforcement Cooperation Seminar Opens", "2018 New Eurasian Continental Bridge Safety Corridor Transnational Oil and Gas Pipeline Security Seminar", "The Belt and Road security training workshop completed" and the document "The Worldwide Web of Chinese and Russian Information Controls" show, Turkmenistan has been attending a variety of security-related training programs to the PRC. Including cyber security (which trained both Turkmen Ministry of Internal Affairs and the intelligence service), and a dedicated SREB themed annual program which looks at port security, pipeline security, anti-drug trafficking etc. Given the closed off nature of the Turkmen government it is questionable how these trainings actually translated to impact on the ground. Thus 2.
- https://www.jspi.edu.cn/info/1036/7263.htm
- http://www.lyg.gov.cn/zglygzfmhwz/gcyw/content/29fc90e9-b68e-4e93-a1c1-db6416684812.html
- http://legal.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0628/c42510-30094150.html
- http://xhv5.xhby.net/mp3/pc/c/201912/20/c726271.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20201228215655/https://public.opentech.fund/documents/English_Weber_WWW_of_Information_Controls_Final.pdf
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign donations that originate in the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Given local context, political campaigns are irrelevant, there is no election
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Given Turkmen policies prohibiting foreigners to live in Turkmenistan, unlikely that these groups can administratively have a presence in Turkmenistan. There is a China Central Asia Friendship Association but members are based in PRC and they occasionally jointly host events with PRC embassies in the region, including in Turkmenistan, but it shouldn’t count as an organization working in Turkmenistan.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have made public statements opposing the candidacy of a local political candidate or party, claiming them being “anti-China”.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
78 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
1 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly expressed positive views of the PRC government.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
12 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
37 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It only happens on special occasions, but on the highest level. Example: ex-president Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow in an interview praises Beijing for organizing the Olympic Games, as the report "PRESIDENT GURBANGULY BERDIMUHAMEDOV GAVE INTERVIEW TO REPRESENTATIVES OF THE LEADING EDITIONS AND TV CHANNELS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA" shows. Since Serdar came to power, reviewer comment that he, compared to his father (the ex-president), has so far said little about China and has shown more interest to work with other foreign partners. For example, Serdar hosted Modi as the first head of state to visit Ashgabat since he became president. I would remain the scare at 3 for now, the trend of distancing from China is an extremely new one that was slowly being brewed over US-China conflict, that Ashgabat genuinely worried China might get sanctioned by the West. The decades of reliance on China and building a positive image for China in Turkmenistan will take time to reverse.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We don’t know everything, but the obvious fact is that all major sources of income to budget are controlled by the ruling family members. A recent journalist investigation named "Investigation: Turkmen president's nephews own 16 apartments in Dubai" exposed that the president Berdimuhamedow’s relatives through offshore schemes control fertilizer producing plant “Garabogazkarbamid” that exports 80% of its production to China. There were also reports on corruption by CNPC in Turkmenistan, as the report "Jennifer Lopez Turkmenistan Gig Shines Light on Chinese Oil Firm" points out.
- https://rus.azathabar.com/a/31513014.html
- https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324251504578579484286462430
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
57 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "Han Zheng Holds Video Meeting with Turkmen Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister and Turkmen Chairman of China-Turkmenistan Cooperation Committee Turkmen Meledov" and "Dai Houliang attended the fifth meeting of the China-Turkey Intergovernmental Cooperation Committee" mentioned, Turkmenistan has 4 government-to-government cooperation committees (合作委员会) with the PRC, in the area of security, economics and trade, energy and culture(see the report named "The two chairmen of the Humanities Cooperation Sub-Committee of the China-Turkmenistan Cooperation Committee held a video meeting" below).
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sbwl/202111/t20211109_10446131.htm
- http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2022-03/30/content_5682525.htm
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cgmel/chn/zyxw/t1186341.htm
- https://www.cnpc.com.cn/cnpc/jtxw/202111/964661fa111040f290fabeb9a3b81954.shtml
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have met officially with representatives of the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
3 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
40 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The International Liaison Department (ILD) is the main PRC representative meeting the political parties in Turkmenistan, as these reports "How Inter-Party Exchanges in Central Asia Promote the Belt and Road Initiative" and the report "Representatives of the three parties of Turkmenistan attended the special presentation meeting on the spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee" showed. Their meetings are frequent and did not stop during pandemic. The Chinese Ambassador in Ashgabat also meet with these heads of political parties regularly. The current Chinese Ambassador in Ashgabat was also head of the ILD Eurasia desk. The political parties that ILD meets with in Turkmenistan do not contribute meaningfully in local politics, thus rated insignificant.
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cetm/chn/sbwl/t1911776.htm
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sbwl/202111/t20211120_10450911.htm
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cetm//chn/sbwl/t1621460.htm
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-06/16/c_129068549.htm
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "The opening ceremony of the Belt and Road Eurasian Rule of Law Seminar was held in our school" and the report "Turkmenistan Held the Closing ceremony of training course for young diplomats" showed, Turkmenistan is grouped with Central Asian states and other countries in the Eurasia region within the training programs provided by PRC. While few training programs were directly solely for Turkmenistan, we rated 4 in this case because of dictatorial nature of the Turkmen government and PRC playing a role in strengthening it. Though it is observed by reviewer that few officials in Ashgabat seemed to know anything about these trainings that took place in China, so their effectiveness of influencing governance is questionable. However, sticking with 4 because Turkmens have few choices of foreign training, limited only to Russia and Turkey. The fact that Turkmens find themselves grouped with other Central Asian states also show PRC preference to create Central Asian regionalism.
- https://www.shzu.edu.cn/2015/0928/c2a71410/page.htm
- https://www.shupl.edu.cn/2020/0915/c1168a81811/page.htm
- http://tkmst.lzu.edu.cn/detail.php?aid=12534
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have been pressured by PRC diplomats to change their political or diplomatic stances.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not observed
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in PRC or denied exit visas, and believed to be suffering from unfair legal treatments for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy”.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The head of state, head of government or foreign minister of my country has denied Taiwan’s right to participate as a member, observer or guest in WHO.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Did not speak in the meeting at all
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country publicly supported the appointment of a PRC official to be the head of a United Nations agency (such as the FAO or ICAO) or other intergovernmental organizations (such as INTERPOL).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Neutral
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has shown support of PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016; except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 6.)
Support
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC’s claim
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC’s claim
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
At diplomatic establishment with the PRC in 1992, Turkmenistan pledges that Taiwan is an inseparable territorial of the PRC, and that the PRC is the only legal government of China. Turkmenistan has been consistently following this policy, though less vocal about it compared to other countries due to its non-alignment principle.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population.
Support
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
31 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
32 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
17 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "Who are the 37 countries that support China's position on Xinjiang? The list is coming" reveals, amongst 37 countries that signed the letter to United Nation Human Rights Council supporting PRC’s policy in Xinjiang in 2019. In 2021, Turkmenistan continue to support PRC when met with PRC officials. According to the report "Turkmenistan stressed at the Human Rights Council that issues related to Hong Kong and Xinjiang are China's internal affairs and supports the position of the Chinese government", in 2021 United Nation Human Rights Council Turkmenistan voiced out supporting PRC policy in Xinjiang.
- https://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2019-07-13/doc-ihytcerm3445980.shtml
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2021-07/15/c_1127656221.htm
- http://news.xnnews.com.cn/gjxw2/202107/t20210715_2359035.shtml
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Tibet population.
Support
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan in the 2000s voiced a lot of support for the PRC. But less so in recently years likely due to diminished international attention and global shift attention to Xinjiang.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has not publicly criticized the PRC’s imposition of the National Security Law on Hong Kong.
Support
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "Turkmenistan stressed at the Human Rights Council that issues related to Hong Kong and Xinjiang are China's internal affairs and supports the position of the Chinese government" said, Turkmenistan supported PRC on Hong Kong issues in 2021 United Nation Human Rights Council.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.