Turkey
* As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores.
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure
Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC's influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit.
Pressure
Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision.
Effect
Effect evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual effects and impacts on the target country.
In 2021, Turkey had a GDP per capita of US$9,587 and a total population of 85.04 million people. There is no reliable information on the Chinese population in Turkey.
Turkey established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1971. Turkey was ranked 149th in Reporters Without Borders' 2022 World Press Freedom Index, and listed as Not Free in Freedom House's 2022 Global Freedom Status, with a score of 32/100.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country’s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
- Media34.1% / 30.1%
- Academia36.1% / 34%
- Economy45.5% / 33.6%
- Society2.3% / 23.6%
- Military18.2% / 23.4%
- Law Enforcement47.5% / 30.2%
- Technology47.5% / 40.8%
- Domestic Politics42.5% / 37.2%
- Foreign Policy57.5% / 41%
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have attended all-expenses paid media tours in PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
11 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
71 countries answered this indicator; 11 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.sabah.com.tr/dunya/turk-gazeteci-heyeti-cine-ziyaret-gerceklestirdi-4699610
- https://www.habererk.com/gundem/cin-gazetecileri-dogu-turkistana-goturdu-atv-muhabirinden-skandal-ifadeler-ne-kadar-hata-yaptigimizi-gorduk-h85830.html
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cetur/tur/xwdt/t214580.htm
- https://www.ytb.gov.tr/haberler/cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-gazeteciler-heyetinden-ytbye-ziyaret
Supplementary Notes
China organised a few trips for Turkish journalists, especially related to its policies towards its Uyghur minority, but also regarding China’s economy and development model. Journalists are mainly from Turkish pro-government media and based on their visits the journalists published reports on how well China treats its Uyghur minority. In addition to this, Chinese media representatives often visit Turkish authorities and Turkish media houses.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state-media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.criturk.com/radyo-canli-yayin/
- https://ajanslotus.com/
- https://newsaf.cgtn.com/news/2021-10-12/Turkish-lira-touches-record-low-level-against-dollar-14hFFQWRu7u/index.html
- https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/458306
Supplementary Notes
Xinhua News Agency publishes news and reports in the Turkish language as a website branded as Lotus News. In addition to this, CRJ Turkish radio station broadcasts in every Turkish city in the Turkish language. Finally, CGTN, international English language Chinese state-run TV channel, covers Turkey with a bureau in the country.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or partly owned by PRC citizens or corporations.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Despite earlier Chinese interest in buying or partnering with Turkish media outlets (see for example: Link), there are no media owned by PRC citizens or corporations.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media outlets that have delivered cheap or free contents provided by PRC state-fund media.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/haber/turk-cin-medyasi-arasinda-stratejik-ortaklik-anlasmasi-198656
- http://www.gercekhayat.com.tr/medya/turk-medyasinda-cin-orgutlenmesi/
- https://odatv4.com/kultur-sanat/kirmizi-kediden-cin-atilimi--20081940-167104
Supplementary Notes
In 2019, Aydinlik media house which is knows for its pro-Chinese coverage signed a protocol with the Beijing Media Network for creating joint reports on Turkey and China. In addition to this, Kirmizi Kedi Publishing House publishes a quarterly magazine called Modern Silk Road which is funded by Chinese state funds.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are regular PRC state-media or government advertisements inserted within local newspapers, online news websites or social media.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://farukbildirici.com/hurriyet-parayla-cin-in-propagandasini-yapti/
- https://www.tamgaturk.com/cin-buyukelciligi-havuz-medyasini-fonlamaya-devam-ediyor/35589/
- https://www.trhaber.com/gundem/cin-dogu-turkistan-daki-iskenceleri-reklamla-ortme-cabasinda-h12124.html
Supplementary Notes
The Chinese Government has often paid for advertisements at Turkish media which are affiliated with the Turkish government. The advertisements usually focus on Chinese economic successes and how PRC treats its Uyghur community. Those advertisements were criticized by the public as well as media experts.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denouncement, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
24 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are incidents of media outlets censoring views critical of the PRC government.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-turkey-idUSKBN1AJ1BV
- https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-01-14/Turkey-promises-not-to-allow-anti-China-activities-in-Turkey-MOFA-16OukcP0AIo/index.html
Supplementary Notes
Even though there are no public incidents regarding censorship of media reports on China, Chinese authorities complained about anti-China media activities in Turkey to Turkish officials. The Turkish Foreign Minister promised his Chinese counterpart to eliminate anti-China media reports. Therefore, the censorship usually happens in the auto-censorship model especially at state media and pro-government media.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who deny the existence of human rights abuses in the PRC (e.g. a media personality that doubts there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/video/dogu-perinceki-kizdiran-ajanlik-sorusu-bunlari-yayinlamazsaniz-siz-namuslu-degilsiniz-1766831
- https://qha.com.tr/haberler/uygur-akademisyenden-cin-sozculugu-tgb-ve-aydinlik-a-tokat-gibi-yanit-videosu/245289/
- https://t24.com.tr/haber/aydinlik-gazetesinin-sincan-eki-uygurlar-ramazan-i-tum-guzellikleriyle-yasiyorlar,950565
- https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/koseyazisi/emperyalist-10-yalan-ve-uygur-gercegi-232705
Supplementary Notes
Dogu Perincek, the leader of the Homeland Party and a journalist and TV commentator often denies the existence of human rights abuses in the PRC, especially regarding the Uyghurs in Xinjiang. Several reports and columns at Aydinlik media also denied human rights abuses in China’s Uyghur region. These reports suggest that Uyghurs live a prosperous and happy life in China and define human rights abuses and genocide claims as Western propaganda.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country’s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
9 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.uludag.edu.tr/haber/view/10871/bursa-uludag-universitesi-dunya-devi-ile-akademik-ortaklik-yapacak
- http://www.karsmanset.com/haber/ataturk-universitesi-ve-huawei-arasinda-ict-akademik-ortaklik-anlasmasi-yapildi-503868.htm
- https://www.yalova.edu.tr/tr/Page/Icerik/yalova-universitesi-ile-huawei-ucretsiz-egitim-ve-sertifika-icin-anlasti
- https://www.cnnturk.com/kesfet/clabs/dijital-donusumde-ilham-veren-ornek-biruni-universitesinin-basari-hikayesi
- https://www.timeturk.com/ekonomi/cinli-sirketlerden-turkiye-ye-yogun-ilgi/haber-1701243
- https://tto.ozyegin.edu.tr/tr/blog/tubitak-cin-bilimler-akademisi-cas-ikili-isbirligi-programi
- https://www.igdir.edu.tr/duyuru/2566-cin-ulusal-dogal-bilimler-vakfi-nsfc-ile-ikili-isbirligi-programi
Supplementary Notes
Chinese companies, Huawei in particular and state owned scientific institutes, signed several agreements with Turkish universities as well as the Turkish higher educational council for research partnerships, trainings and academic exchange schemes.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
5 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.facebook.com/metuconfucius/posts/459806724188911/
- http://www.confucius.boun.edu.tr/
- https://www.okan.edu.tr/ci/
- https://yeditepe.edu.tr/tr/yeditepe-universitesi-konfucyus-enstitusu-acildi
- https://ci.metu.edu.tr/
- https://m.facebook.com/okankoleji/photos/a.391404237553451.115082.354610647899477/2007522102608315/?type=3
Supplementary Notes
There are four Confucius Institutes and two Confucius Classrooms in Turkey’s most prestigious universities and schools. Middle East Technical University, Bosporus University, Yeditepe University and Okan University have institutes while Okan College and Jale Tezer College have classrooms.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- http://turkish.cri.cn/882/2009/06/24/1s116243.htm
- https://www.trthaber.com/haber/turkiye/lisede-cince-dersi-basliyor-86382.html
- https://www.egitimhane.com/ilk-defa-bir-okulda-cince-dersi-k1023-0.html
Supplementary Notes
There are a few examples of cooperation with Chinese authorities i.e. China’s Embassy to introduce Chinese classes in primary and high school education. However, this did not translate into a mass project since the Turkish educational ministry offers its own programme for foreign languages including the Chinese language.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial support from PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Skip
Skipped
10 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
72 countries answered this indicator; 10 countries skipped this indicator
Supplementary Notes
While we have not been able to find any evidence for this, we believe that such financial support probably does exist, hence we have decided to skip this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Skip
Skipped
13 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
69 countries answered this indicator; 13 countries skipped this indicator
Supplementary Notes
While we have not been able to find any evidence for this, we are fairly certain that such financial support does exist, hence we have decided to skip this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been denied visas to travel to the PRC after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Supplementary Notes
There are a few instances of Turkish academics who were denied entry to the PRC due to their opinions. In 2016, an academic group affiliated with a Turkish nationalist association was denied entry to China while they were planning to visit China’s Uyghur region.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
16 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are confirmed reports of teachers or professors avoiding the discussion of sensitive political issues (e.g. Uyghur re-education camps, Taiwan independence, Tiananmen Square Massacre).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
77 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC’s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
- https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/TUR
- https://www.worldstopexports.com/turkeys-top-import-partners/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 50% of my country’s sovereign debt.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.imib.org.tr/tr/raporlar/ihracat-istatistikleri
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/maden-ihracatinda-5-9-milyar-dolarla-cumhuriyet-tarihinin-rekoru-kirildi/2464761
Supplementary Notes
China is the number one customer of Turkey’s extractive industries including natural stones and minerals. Turkey exports 5.9 billion US dollars extractive materials and China alone buys 28 per cent of it.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.bloomberght.com/haberler/haber/1825679-cinden-turkiyeye-dev-yatirim
- https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2021/ekonomi/ucuncu-koprude-satis-bilmecesi-suruyor-cinli-grup-cekildi-6607486/
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/dunyadaki-komur-projelerinin-tek-alicisi-cin/2199351
- https://www.iklimhaber.org/yeni-calisma-tum-dunyada-yeni-komur-projelerinin-tek-alicisi-cin/
- https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/cinliler-1-2-milyar-dolarlik-termik-santral-ihalesi-aldi-20679533
Supplementary Notes
PRC-related entities own several ports including a 1 billion US dollar investment in the Kumport project, coal mines and coal-fired power plants in Turkey including a 1.2 billion US dollar investment in Adana Turfanbeyli Coal Plant. China Merchants Group also got the tender for the management of Istanbul’s third bridge and northern motorway project for nearly 700 million US dollars but later in 2021 the company declared its plans to leave the project.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
55 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://tr.euronews.com/2016/01/17/turkiye-nin-ortagi-oldugu-asya-altyapi-yatirim-bankasi-resmen-faaliyete-basladi
- https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html
Supplementary Notes
Turkey is one of the members of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Turkey invested 2,6 billion US dollars and it is the 11th biggest stakeholder of the bank.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.bricaistanbul.com/overview/brica-members/
- http://www.tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/Detay.php?rid=25240&lst=MansetListesi
Supplementary Notes
Turkey’s largest business association, the Turkish Industry and Business Association (TÜSİAD) is a member of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance (BRICA). The Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey is a member of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce and its president Rifar Hisarciklioglu is the honorary president of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade or investment sanctions) that was specifically tailored at products or services that are highly dependent on the PRC market.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local businesses have been harassed, threatened, or boycotted, due to their activities or statements in support of causes deemed unacceptable by the PRC government (e.g. Taiwanese independence, Hong Kong democracy, Tibet or Xinjiang issues, etc).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://beyazgazete.com/haber/2020/12/2/cin-den-turkiye-hamlesi-dev-yatirimla-geliyorlar-5862494.html
- https://www.sabah.com.tr/ekonomi/2020/12/02/cinliler-160-fabrikalik-arsa-istiyor
- http://yenierdekgazetesi.com/haber/balikesire_cinden_dev_yat-6540.html
- https://www.webtekno.com/vivo-turkiye-uretimlerine-basliyor-h109311.html
Supplementary Notes
China has invested in several organised industrial sites in Turkey. Most recently, China’s tech giant Vivo has invested 25 million US dollars in Gebze Organized Industrial Site. Several local and national authorities including government ministers attended the opening ceremonies. Chinese companies and government plan to use Turkish industrial sites for reaching European markets more easily. In 2010, the Chinese government announced that it may invest 5 billion US dollars in Turkish industrial sites. China has also demanded several specific special organized industrial site for its own use only from Turkish government and local authorities for 160 Chinese factories in Kocaeli, Turkey’s industrial centre.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities requisitioned infrastructure or land for failure to repay debts in a timely manner.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
76 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC’s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions cooperate on exchanges or official visits to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) in the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local reports of personnel linked to the UFWD who make appearances at Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat festival tournaments, etc).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations that are closely engaged with their counterparts locally, such as All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
33 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
8 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- http://www.beltandroadforum.org/english/n100/2019/0427/c36-1312.html
- https://www.tgk.org.tr/tgkdan-uluslararasi-atak/
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fO2nxwuhnxw
Supplementary Notes
The National Art Museum of China and 21 art museums or major fine arts institutions from 18 countries including Turkey jointly founded the Silk Road International Alliance of Art Museums and Galleries. In addition to this, the Turkish Journalists’ Confederation and All-China Journalists Association signed a protocol for deepening cooperation in media relations between the two countries. Furthermore, Turkish and Chinese female artists organised several meetings funded by Turkish and Chinese municipalities.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
11 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Cultural products (such as films and TV shows) produced by my country’s production studios typically portray the PRC in a positive light.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, celebrities regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the national or local governments regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC (e.g. statements from the PRC government or embassies).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
- https://tr.euronews.com/2019/07/24/cumhurbaskani-erdoganin-uygurlar-mutlu-ifadesinin-ceviri-hatasi-oldugu-iddiasi
- https://tr.euronews.com/2019/07/02/cin-devlet-televizyonu-erdogan-sincanlilar-refah-icinde-mutlu-dedi
Supplementary Notes
The Turkish government has tried to establish good relations with China but it has always avoided echoing Chinese propaganda narratives. During Turkish President Erdogan’s last visit to China in 2019, Chinese media claimed that President Erdogan said that Uyghurs live happily in China but president’s office later denied this and added that President Erdogan did not say such a thing but Chinese media used a wrong translation.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, a majority of citizens have positive views of the PRC government.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
China has become an important economic partner for Tukey over the last decades. However, China’s revisionist policies, historical issues between Turkey and China and most importantly China’s policies towards Turkic Uyghur population created a negative China image amongst Turkish people.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
- https://www.sipri.org/databases/national-reports/Turkey
- https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/fs_2203_at_2021.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country currently exports military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment to the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
- https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/fs_2203_at_2021.pdf
- https://www.sipri.org/databases/national-reports/Turkey
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Despite earlier statements from the Turkish government, no joint projects were organized between Turkey and China in military and law enforcement equipment production.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish basing.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
5 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, members of the military have received professional military education from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
34 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turk-askeri-artik-cinde-egitim-alacak-50897
- https://www.trmilitary.org/viewtopic.php?t=4336
Supplementary Notes
Traditionally, Turkey has sent its officers to the US and other Western allies for education at military academies. However, since 2014, the Turkish Armed Forces have been sending their officers to China for military education. For this purpose, Chinese language instructors were hired by Turkish military high schools and academies.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, members of the military have received peacekeeping training from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials advocate for more coordination with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Supplementary Notes
Only one military exercise was organised by China and Turkey. In 2010, PLA and Turkish Armed Forces held a joint commando exercise in China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
50 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.reuters.com/article/womens-day-uighur-turkey-int-idUSKBN2B01E2
- https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20201228-china-announces-ratification-of-extradition-treaty-with-turkey
- https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/uyghurs-wary-of-turkeys-pending-extradition-deal-with-china/
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3115592/china-ratifies-turkey-extradition-deal-push-combat-terrorism
Supplementary Notes
On 26 December 2020, the Turkish and Chinese governments ratified a treaty creating a route to extradite individuals from Turkey to the People’s Republic of China. The treaty was initially signed in 2017, and, after three years, it comes into force as another measure purportedly to prevent terrorism.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combatting terrorism.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
26 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Supplementary Notes
Turkey and China signed an agreement in December, 2021 on terrorism financing and money laundering. According to the agreement, Turkish and Chinese authorities will share intelligence.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of economic espionage targeting the private sector that were suspected to benefit PRC-connected entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
15 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.chip.com.tr/haber/cin-den-turkiye-ye-hacker-saldirisi_13971.html
- https://siberbulten.com/sektorel/trky/cinli-hacker-grubunun-turk-devlet-kurumlarina-saldirdigi-ortaya-cikti/
- https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/teknoloji/turkiyeye-cirkin-saldiri-12073764
- https://www.dw.com/tr/yemeksepeti-hackerlar%C4%B1-konu%C5%9Ftu-20-milyondan-fazla-ki%C5%9Finin-verileri-elimizde/a-59893203
Supplementary Notes
Chinese hackers several times targeted websites of the Turkish Embassy in China, Turkish Foreign Ministry, other ministries, private enterprises and Turkish Uyghur groups and individuals. The reason for most of the attacks are related to China’s treatment of its Uyghur population which has close cultural, linguistic and religious links with Turkey.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, triads are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate or punish Chinese dissidents.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
Skip
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
51 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.airporthaber.com/havacilik-haberleri/iga-xray-cihazlari-icin-anlasma-imzaladi.html
- https://www.voanews.com/a/security-scanners-across-europe-tied-to-china-government-military/6404710.html
Supplementary Notes
Recently, Chinese private security service companies entered Turkish market eyeing large tenders. Especially, Nuchtech’s scanners, x-ray devices and camera systems are reportedly being used in Turkish airports and ports.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, representatives of the PRC police force have had joint patrols with local law enforcement.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has detained people at the request of the PRC for committing a crime involving engagements with social movements or resistance activities in Hong Kong, Xinjiang or for other human rights or civic rights issues.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://tr.euronews.com/2021/01/22/dogu-turkistanl-lardan-turkiye-deki-ev-bask-nlar-na-kars-ac-klama-endiseliyiz
- https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/turkiyede-uygurlarin-evleri-neden-basiliyor-haber-1510914
- https://tr.euronews.com/2021/02/10/istanbul-da-cin-buyukelciliginin-onundeki-uygur-eylemcilere-gozalt
- https://www.npr.org/2020/03/13/800118582/i-thought-it-would-be-safe-uighurs-in-turkey-now-fear-china-s-long-arm
- https://www.duvarenglish.com/turkish-polices-detention-questioning-of-uyghurs-signal-extradition-deal-expert-says-news-55948
Supplementary Notes
Media reports and international rights groups say that houses of many Uyghurs have been raided, Chinese citizens of Uyghur ethnicity are detained and sent to extradition centres. Furthermore, Uyghur protestors and others who organised public protests in front of Chinese diplomatic missions in Turkey were detained several times based on Chinese Embassy’s requests.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deported Taiwan citizens to the PRC to face prosecution.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or has deported individuals to the PRC, although such decisions had attracted criticisms from politicians, government employees or from local or foreign NGOs.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
21 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uighurs-china-turkey-accused-deporting-third-countries
- https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_analysts-extradition-treaty-between-turkey-china-endangers-uighur-refugees/6200467.html
- https://ahvalnews.com/turkey-uighurs/turkey-repatriating-uighurs-china-third-countries-telegraph
- https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/china-turkey-extradition-treaty-implications-uyghurs/
- https://www.axios.com/documents-chinas-secret-extradition-request-uighur-turkey-6d5ba886-c22c-47e8-b970-804fae274e2d.html
- https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20201231-turkey-dismisses-fears-that-new-deal-will-result-in-mass-deportation-of-uighurs-to-china
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/29/pressure-on-turkey-to-protect-uighurs-as-china-ratifies-extradition-treaty
- https://tr.euronews.com/2020/07/27/turkiye-deki-baz-uygur-turklerinin-ucuncu-ulkelere-oradan-da-cin-e-gonderildigi-iddias
- https://www.milligazete.com.tr/haber/5055968/flas-iddia-turkiye-uygur-turklerini-sinir-disi-ediyor
- https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-56661759
- https://tr.euronews.com/2021/03/03/iyi-parti-dogu-turkistan-da-yasananlar-n-soyk-r-m-olarak-tan-nmas-icin-tbmm-ye-dilekce-ver
- https://www.indyturk.com/node/55671/haber/g%C3%B6%C3%A7-idaresi-m%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC-uygurlar%C4%B1n-iadesi-s%C3%B6z-konusu-de%C4%9Fil
Supplementary Notes
Despite of the fact that the Turkish government denies that it extradited Uyghurs to China based on a recent extradition treaty signed by Ankara and Beijing media reports and civil society groups suggested that Uyghurs were extradited to China via third countries such as Tajikistan.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC’s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://netas.com.tr/hakkimizda/
- https://www.scmp.com/tech/china-tech/article/2052271/chinas-zte-takes-over-netas-101m-eyes-expansion-turkey
Supplementary Notes
In 2017, ZTE Corp, China’s largest-listed telecommunications equipment manufacturer, acquired 48 per cent of Turkish company Netas Telekomünikasyon for up to US$101.28 million in a deal that would expand its operations across key markets covered by Beijing’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
16 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.btgunlugu.com/huawei-5g-konusunda-turkiyede-neler-yapiyor/
- https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turk-telekom-signs-mou-for-5g-deal-with-huawei-171961
- https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2019/11/turk-telekom-huawei-broke-world-single-user-5g-speed-record
- https://www.lightreading.com/turkcell-and-huawei-complete-the-worlds-leading-800g-trial-on-the-live-carrier-network/d/d-id/757917
- https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2019/2/turkcell-5g-oriented-all-cloud-core-network
- https://tr.euronews.com/2020/01/29/huawei-turkiye-bizim-icin-merkez-ulke-ve-bolge-lideri-5g
Supplementary Notes
Turkey’s state-owned telecom company, Turk Telekom and Huawei are cooperating to build the nation’s 5G network as well as the country’s largest private telecommunication company Turkcell. Huawei defines Turkey as a central and regional leader country for its 5G and other operations.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have adopted hardware or technical specifications by PRC-connected entities in internet/wifi/telecommunication service infrastructure projects, in addition to 4G/5G cellular network.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
14 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
74 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://kisadalga.net/haber/detay/teknoloji-sirketi-xiaomi-30-milyon-dolarlik-yatirimla-turkiyede-uretime-basliyor_2117
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/sirkethaberleri/teknoloji/huawei-ve-orbit-enerji-yerli-lityum-pil-uretimi-icin-birlikte-calisacak/671304
- https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=119118856875353
- https://www.huawei.com/tr/news/tr/2021/huawei-turkiye-ar-ge-merkezine-10-yilda-520-milyon-tl-yatirim-yapildi
- https://www.huawei.com/tr/news/tr/2021/huawei-den-turkiye-ye-yeni-yatirim-bulut-servislerini-baslatti
Supplementary Notes
In addition to 5G, Huawei also cooperates with local companies regarding wifi and cloud services. Huawei also has the biggest R&D centre in the world in Turkey outside of China. Huawei also signed a contract with Turkey’s Orbit Energy Company for producing batteries. In addition to Huawei, Xiaomi opened a mobile phone factory in Istanbul valued at 30 million US dollars.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized vendors to supply tech-related equipment or services to our government, military or security services.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
28 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
53 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have collaboration (such as data collection or exchange agreement, or adoption of related hardwares) with the PRC government or PRC-connected entities on facial, voice recognition or other applications involving biometrics achieved by AI.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.voanews.com/a/security-scanners-across-europe-tied-to-china-government-military/6404710.html
- https://www.airporthaber.com/havacilik-haberleri/iga-xray-cihazlari-icin-anlasma-imzaladi.html
Supplementary Notes
Recently, Chinese private security service and technology companies entered the Turkish market eyeing large tenders. Especially, Nuchtech’s scanners, x-ray devices and camera systems are reportedly being used in Turkish airports and ports.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city” systems.
Skip
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
35 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supplementary Notes
We have checked the available public information on smart cities, which turns up no evidence of PRC-entity involvement, but it seems likely that such involvement exists nevertheless.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
63 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected venture capital invests in technology start-ups.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on usage.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Supplementary Notes
TikTok is Turkey’s second most popular social media platform based on usage – 14 hours monthly.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of BeiDou satellite navigation system.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
20 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.globsec.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/China-in-the-Broader-black-sea-region-ver7-nonprint.pdf
- http://www.kayseri.gov.tr/cin-ile-turkiye-arasinda-e-ticaret-anlasmasi-kayseride-imzalandi
- https://ticaret.gov.tr/haberler/bakan-pekcandan-cinli-firmalara-turkiyede-yatirim-cagrisi
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cgtur/tur/xwdt/t1652364.htm
- https://www.emlakhaberi.com/emlak-ekonomi/6-cinli-sirket-kopru-ve-otoyolun-yuzde-51ini-satin-aliyor-h55346.html
- https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/turkiye-cin-iliskilerinde-izmir-donemi/40850/156
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/ziraat-bankasi-cin-exim-banktan-400-milyon-dolarlik-kredi-temin-etti/2193820
- https://diabgm.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/bakanligimiz-ile-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-adalet-bakanligi-arasinda-isbirligine-dair-mutabakat-zapti-imzalandi
Supplementary Notes
Many Chinese and Turkish delegations often visit each other. These include governor offices, municipalities, chambers, ministerial departments, public banks and other similar state and government institutions for signing cooperation agreements. Turkish top states people also called on PRC government and state-owned enterprises to invest in Turkey.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities have sister-city ties (友好城市) with municipalities in the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
10 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye%27deki_%C5%9Fehirlerin_karde%C5%9F_%C5%9Fehirleri_listesi
- https://www.ibb.istanbul/icerik/kardes-sehirler
- https://marmara.gov.tr/kardes-sehirler-cinde-bulustu/
Supplementary Notes
Turkish cities and towns have many sister cities in China - Ankara and Beijing; Istanbul and Shanghai. Furthermore, Turkish cities and unions of municipalities visited China in state sponsored events. However, having sister cities did not produce a significant deeper cooperation between Turkish and Chinese cities.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Skip
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supplementary Notes
While no evidence could be found to confirm that such trips have taken place, it seems likely that they have, but that the information regarding who financed them has not been made public.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees visit the PRC and have meetings with PRC officials and think tanks.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
1 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce/stratejik_iletisim_calismalari/detaylar/cumhurbaskanligi-iletisim-baskanligi-cinde-turkiye-paneli-duzenledi
- https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-12_-sayin-bakanimizin-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-ni-ziyareti-hk.tr.mfa
- https://twitter.com/adalet_bakanlik/status/1062628642923130880
- https://www.hsk.gov.tr/cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-2018-yili-turk-h-kimler-semineri
Supplementary Notes
Many Turkish state and government officials visited the PRC for meetings with PRC officials and institutes. Several joint panels, trainings and conferences were also organised.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial related training offered the PRC-connected individuals or entities has been accepted by national or subnational governments.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.hsk.gov.tr/cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-2018-yili-turk-h-kimler-semineri
- https://diabgm.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/bakanligimiz-ile-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-adalet-bakanligi-arasinda-isbirligine-dair-mutabakat-zapti-imzalandi
- https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2018/09/21/hakimler-ve-savcilar-cine-gidip-cince-ogrenecek
- https://www.pa.edu.tr/turkiye-polis-akademisi-ve-cin-ulusal-polis-universitesi-arasinda-isbirligi-anlasmasi-imza-toreni-haberler.html
Supplementary Notes
In recent years, China offered several trainings and language courses for Turkish judiciary and law enforcement officials. During the trainings, police cadets, academics and administrators from police academy and police departments as well as Turkish judges and prosecutors received trainings on Chinese judicial and governance systems as well as Chinese language and culture.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign donations that originate in the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
In Turkey, campaign donations and donations to political parties are regulated by strict laws and there are no reports of PRC-origin donations that go to politicians or political parties.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have made public statements opposing the candidacy of a local political candidate or party, claiming them being “anti-China”.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
78 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
1 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly expressed positive views of the PRC government.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
12 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
37 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://tccb.gov.tr/haberler/410/34000/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-turkiye-cin-is-forumuna-katildi.html
- https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/dunya/disisleri-bakani-mevlut-cavusoglu-cine-gidiyor-1899350
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/cavusoglu-nun-ziyareti-cin-basininda/1178631
- https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/erdogan-ekonomide-yol-haritasini-anlatti-cin-de-boyle-buyudu-41952854
Supplementary Notes
Turkish politicians and government employees have publicly expressed their positive views about China on many occasions. These include Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his ministers. Positive statements from Turkish leaders made headlines in Turkish and Chinese media. Most recently, Turkish President Erdogan and his government stressed that Turkey will use the Chinese economic model for its own development and ending the economic crisis.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
57 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/DostlukGruplari/GenelBilgi?ulkeId=185
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/tbmm-baskani-yildirim-turkiye-cin-iliskileri-yildan-yila-gelisiyor/1330523
Supplementary Notes
Supporting Evidence: Turkey and China have had parliamentary friendship groups for some time. The last parliamentary friendship group was established following the general elections in 2018. The group is chaired by Ahmet Arslan, a lawmaker from the ruling Justice and Development Party and consists of MPs from other political parties. The Speaker of the Turkish Parliament also received the parliamentary group several times and commented positively on Turkey-China relations.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have met officially with representatives of the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
3 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
40 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2021/gundem/daire-baskani-rapor-alip-akpli-vekille-cini-gezmis-6497330/
- http://www.sanliurfa.gov.tr/sanliurfa-cinde-tanitildi
- https://vatanpartisi.org.tr/genel-merkez/yerel-orgutler/vatan-partisi-yurtdisi-temsilcilikleri-19687
- https://vatanpartisi.org.tr/genel-merkez/haberler/cin-komunist-partisi-nden-vatan-partisi-ne-ziyaret-25719
- http://oncugenclik.org.tr/vatan-partisi-cin-ziyaretini-tamamladi/
- https://www.mfa.gov.tr/ocak2022.tr.mfa
- https://twitter.com/avhamzadag/status/1198524418512838656?s=20&t=he6Z5h7gKCVFJVgnVG1zkg
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cetur//tur/xwdt/t985298.htm
Supplementary Notes
Meetings with the representatives of the PRC are being held very often both in Turkey and China and bureaucrats and civil society representatives often attend these meetings. In addition to these, one far-right political party entitled Homeland Party has its office in China for improving their relations with the PRC. China’s Embassy in Ankara also said in a statement that the cooperation between Turkish political parties and Chinese Communist Party were improved significantly.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- http://diab.mfa.gov.tr/akademimizin-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-ziyareti.tr.mfa
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/hakim-ve-savcilara-cin-ve-rusyada-dil-egitimi/1227246
- https://www.pa.edu.tr/turkiye-polis-akademisi-ve-cin-ulusal-polis-universitesi-arasinda-isbirligi-anlasmasi-imza-toreni-haberler.html
Supplementary Notes
A few trainings on Chinese governance and language were organised for judges, prosecutors, academics, students and administrators at Turkish police academy and for Turkish diplomats in China. These trainings were organised under the cooperation agreements signed by Turkish and Chinese governments.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have been pressured by PRC diplomats to change their political or diplomatic stances.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-56422635
- https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/yetmisiki-milyon-doz-cin-asisi-aksener-nedeniyle-mi-gelmedi/5880317.html
- https://jamestown.org/program/the-22-vs-50-diplomatic-split-between-the-west-and-china-over-xinjiang-and-human-rights/
- https://tr.euronews.com/2019/03/01/cin-den-turkiye-ye-uygur-turkleri-tehdidi-ekonomik-iliskileri-tehlikeye-atarsiniz
Supplementary Notes
Turkey did not sign the letter to UNHCR regarding Uyghurs and human rights violations until 2021 but instead it issued its own letter. China uses growing economic relations as a pressure tool stating that Turkey’s possible Uyghur decision may jeopardise economic relations. During the pandemic, China was also accused of using its vaccine strategy for pressuring Turkey regarding its policies towards Uyghurs who have close cultural and linguistic ties with Anatolian Turks. China also hosted several Turkish official delegations for visiting Uyghur regions for changing their stances.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in PRC or denied exit visas, and believed to be suffering from unfair legal treatments for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy”.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://serbestiyet.com/haberler/ozel-haber-12-turkiye-cumhuriyeti-vatandasi-cinde-tutsak-70747/
- https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/27/chinas-uyghur-crimes-a-test-of-turkish-leaders-foreign-policy-claims/
- https://tr.euronews.com/2021/03/02/istanbul-da-eylem-yapan-uygurlar-k-z-kardesim-turkiye-de-egitim-ald-g-icin-boluculukle-suc
- https://www.amnesty.org.tr/icerik/birbirlerinden-koparilan-uygur-ailelerinin-kabusu
Supplementary Notes
Turkey has one of the largest Uyghur diaspora groups in the world and many of them obtained Turkish citizenship during their stay in Turkey. According to media reports, dozens of Turkish nationals of Uyghur ethnicity have been arrested, tortured and transferred to concentration camps. In addition to that, the Chinese government also uses relatives of Turkish nationals as hostages to stop Turkish Uyghur citizens and activists from campaigning in Turkey and abroad.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The head of state, head of government or foreign minister of my country has denied Taiwan’s right to participate as a member, observer or guest in WHO.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Turkey did not have any negative stance against Taiwan’s membership of the WHO. Representative of the Taiwan mission to Turkey, asked for Turkey’s help regarding the issue and published several opinion pieces in Turkish media.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country publicly supported the appointment of a PRC official to be the head of a United Nations agency (such as the FAO or ICAO) or other intergovernmental organizations (such as INTERPOL).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has shown support of PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016; except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 6.)
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC’s claim
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC’s claim
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Supplementary Notes
Turkey has been silent regarding China’s territorial claims such as on the South China Sea. However, China uses Turkey’s own stance on international maritime law due to long lasting issues with Greece. Chinese Ambassador several times stated that China like Turkey does not recognise the authority of the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population.
Skip
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
31 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
32 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
17 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/joint-statement-on-the-human-rights-situation-in-the-xinjiang
- https://www.globsec.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/China-in-the-Broader-black-sea-region-ver7-nonprint.pdf
- https://tr.euronews.com/2020/07/27/turkiye-deki-baz-uygur-turklerinin-ucuncu-ulkelere-oradan-da-cin-e-gonderildigi-iddias
- https://tr.euronews.com/2019/08/13/turkiye-deki-uygurlarda-cin-e-sinir-disi-edilme-korkusu-artiyor
- https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-55474893
- https://www.dw.com/tr/t%C3%BCrkiye-%C3%A7inin-uygurlara-bask%C4%B1s%C4%B1na-neden-sessiz-kal%C4%B1yor/a-51549785
- https://jamestown.org/program/the-22-vs-50-diplomatic-split-between-the-west-and-china-over-xinjiang-and-human-rights/
- https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/china-buys-turkeys-silence-on-uyghur-oppression/
- https://www.voanews.com/a/europe_turkish-opposition-challenge-erdogan-over-uighur-silence/6201354.html
- https://dogruhaber.com.tr/haber/718388-dunya-uygur-kongresinden-turkiyeye-cagri/
- https://www.karar.com/dunya-haberleri/uygur-turklerinden-turkiyeye-cagri-2022-cin-olimpiyatlarini-boykot-edin-1622093
Supplementary Notes
Turkey’s stance on China’s treatment of its Uyghur population is actually a very mixed one. Turkey has joined the recent joint statement of 43 countries at the UN which condemns human rights violations in the Uyghur region. Turkey had earlier remained silent and tried to maintain a separate stance in order to not anger its public opinion, its own Uyghur diaspora and Chinese government. Turkey also signed an agreement with China for extradition of Chinese nationals which targets Uyghur community members. Even though Turkish government denies any extradition of Uyghurs, media and civil society reports show that Turkey extradites Uyghurs to China via third countries. Turkey also remains not very vocal about Uyghur issue despite demands from its own public, opposition groups, international organisations and Turkey’s Uyghur diaspora.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Tibet population.
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
My government has not publicly criticized the PRC’s imposition of the National Security Law on Hong Kong.
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator