South Africa
* As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores.
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure
Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC's influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit.
Pressure
Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision.
Effect
Effect evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual effects and impacts on the target country.
In 2021, South Africa had a GDP per capita of US$6,994 and a total population of 60.04 million people, with the Chinese population comprising roughly 500,000 people, or 1.18% of the total population.
South Africa established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1998. South Africa was ranked 35th in Reporters Without Borders' 2022 World Press Freedom Index, and free in Freedom House's 2022 Global Freedom Status, with a score of 79/100.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country’s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
- Media56.8% / 30.1%
- Academia50.0% / 34%
- Economy36.4% / 33.6%
- Society40.9% / 23.6%
- Military18.2% / 23.4%
- Law Enforcement50.0% / 30.2%
- Technology93.2% / 40.8%
- Domestic Politics75.0% / 37.2%
- Foreign Policy77.3% / 41%
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288189416.pdf
- https://www.news24.com/citypress/News/chinese-expands-tentacles-of-sinister-media-influence-across-the-globe-20200115
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are two media organisations linked to the B and R News Alliance. 1. The China Media Group set up a new collaboration with 36 partners, including Independent Media Group in South Africa. However, Tencent is a member, which is 30% owned by Naspers, which in turn is the holding company for Media24 - South Africa's largest media company.
- https://www.iol.co.za/news/partnered/china-media-group-has-set-up-a-new-collaboration-platform-with-africa-6492e7ef-fcbf-4e8e-8857-21b064f01afd
- https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/28/investing/tencent-stock-prosus-naspers-intl-hnk/index.html
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have attended all-expenses paid media tours in PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
11 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
71 countries answered this indicator; 11 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Independent is the third-largest media house in South Africa.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Finding hard evidence of this has been tricky, but China as part of the BRICS has done training with South African journalists.
Answered by Chris Roper, and has been reviewed by Amanda Strydom
In my country, PRC state-media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
CGTN has a 24-hour channel on DStv. CCTV4 broadcasts in English. China Radio International broadcasts in English on satellite radio.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or partly owned by PRC citizens or corporations.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Sekunjalo Independent Media Consortium - Two Chinese State Owned Enterprises (China International Television Corporation and the China Africa Development Fund) own 20%.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper
In my country, there are media outlets that have delivered cheap or free contents provided by PRC state-fund media.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Independent Media publish regular PCR opinion articles on the front page of their newspapers and websites.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper
In my country, there are regular PRC state-media or government advertisements inserted within local newspapers, online news websites or social media.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Independent Media regularly publish sponsored content from PRC
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denouncement, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
24 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence within the reporting period.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper
In my country, there are incidents of media outlets censoring views critical of the PRC government.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A weekly column in the South African newspaper, which forms part of the Independent Media Group, was canceled due to the discussion of the Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who deny the existence of human rights abuses in the PRC (e.g. a media personality that doubts there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence in the reporting period.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country’s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
9 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2020, The South African College Principals Organisation (Sacpo) and Huawei signed a memorandum of understanding to roll out information and communication technology (ICT) academies in all of South Africa’s 50 technical and vocational education and training (TVET) colleges by 2021. Alibaba Business School and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) brought 29 young entrepreneurs from 11 countries across Africa to the Alibaba campus in Hangzhou, China for the third eFounders Fellowship cohort, including three from South Africa.
- https://unctad.org/news/alibaba-business-school-and-unctad-train-african-entrepreneurs
- https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/sacpohuawei-to-roll-out-ict-academies-across-south-african-tvet-colleges-by-2021-2020-12-09
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
5 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www0.sun.ac.za/international/about/our-international-networks-and-affiliations/asia-africa-relations/centre-for-chinese-studies.html
- https://www.cacs.org.za/
- http://chinaplus.cri.cn/south-africa/China-SA/432882
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese government will send Chinese teachers to South Africa and donate 2,000 textbooks to assist in teaching Mandarin in schools until a South African textbook is developed, Basic Education Minister Angie Motshekga said. South African public schools will begin offering Mandarin as an optional second language in 2016, according to an announcement from the country’s education ministry.
- http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-03/26/c_136159118.htm
- https://qz.com/africa/477748/south-africas-schools-will-start-teaching-mandarin-and-continue-neglecting-local-languages/
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Centre for Chinese Studies (CCS) at Stellenbosch University originated from a joint undertaking between the governments of South Africa and the People’s Republic of China.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial support from PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
10 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
72 countries answered this indicator; 10 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa think tank PriceMetrics Inclusive Society Institute, South Africa China-Africa Think Tanks Forum
- http://www.news.cn/english/2021-10/22/c_1310262037.htm
- https://kknews.cc/finance/8ko826n.html
- https://www.bg3.co/a/guo-jia-neng-yuan-ji-tuan-long-yuan-nan-fei-gong-si-lian-he-nan-fei-zhi-ku-fa-bu-yan-jiu-bao-gao.html
Supplementary Notes
South Africa and China have signed agreements to build 'Science Parks' for cross-border innovation drives: Link
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.uj.ac.za/faculties/humanities/confucius-institute/Documents/UJ_Confucius_Institute_Brochure_ONLINE.PDF
- http://www.confucius.uct.ac.za/ci/about/aims
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
13 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
69 countries answered this indicator; 13 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence within the research period
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of this during research period.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, scholars or academics have been denied visas to travel to the PRC after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
16 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of this
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, there are confirmed reports of teachers or professors avoiding the discussion of sensitive political issues (e.g. Uyghur re-education camps, Taiwan independence, Tiananmen Square Massacre).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
77 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of this
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC’s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
PRC-connected entities own more than 50% of my country’s sovereign debt.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Iron and Gold
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Between 2007 and 2020 Chinese development banks provided $23bn for African infrastructure.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
55 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not a member, but listed as a 'prospective founder'
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade or investment sanctions) that was specifically tailored at products or services that are highly dependent on the PRC market.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, local businesses have been harassed, threatened, or boycotted, due to their activities or statements in support of causes deemed unacceptable by the PRC government (e.g. Taiwanese independence, Hong Kong democracy, Tibet or Xinjiang issues, etc).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A full trade agreement has not been negotiated, BUT via the African Union, there is African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) which was created by the African Continental Free Trade Agreement which includes South Africa.
- https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2021-02-17-south-africa-needs-a-free-trade-deal-with-china-not-the-belt-and-road-initiative
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper
In my country, PRC-connected entities requisitioned infrastructure or land for failure to repay debts in a timely manner.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
76 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC’s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are 15 in South Africa
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, labor unions cooperate on exchanges or official visits to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) in the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, there are local reports of personnel linked to the UFWD who make appearances at Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat festival tournaments, etc).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations that are closely engaged with their counterparts locally, such as All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
33 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
8 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2014, the South Africa-China Culture and Art Exchange was established. As a supporting activity of the China-South African High-Level People-to-People Exchange Mechanism, the All-China Women's Federation (ACWF) and the African National Congress Women's League (ANCWL) co-hosted a donation ceremony of 320 sewing machines from ACWF to ANCWL on April 26, 2017 in Durban, South Africa.
- https://www.womenofchina.cn/servlet/Node?node=19010911&pos=1
- https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A/13388323
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of this
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
11 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Just after it unveiled a 2022 slate for Asia comprising programming in six languages, PCCW’s pan-regional OTT video streaming service Viu has strengthened its position as one of the top OTT streaming platforms in Greater Southeast Asia (GSEA), the Middle East and South Africa.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
Cultural products (such as films and TV shows) produced by my country’s production studios typically portray the PRC in a positive light.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Similar interest in engaging the South African film market is developing, albeit not yet to the extent of China’s interest in Hollywood. The highest-ranking production (estimated earning $852 million) in China for 2017 was “Wolf Warrior 2” – it was filmed in parts of South Africa, including in Durban, Soweto and Alexandra. The action film centres on a war hero who defends medical aid workers in a fictitious African country. At a local movie reception, Ambassador Lin Songtian of the Chinese embassy in South Africa, described it as 'an excellent Chinese film that carries forward patriotic enthusiasm and friendship between China and Africa'. South Africa hosted the third BRICS Film Festival, which coincides with its hosting of the tenth BRICS Summit in July.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, celebrities regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of this
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper
In my country, the national or local governments regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC (e.g. statements from the PRC government or embassies).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of this
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper
In my country, a majority of citizens have positive views of the PRC government.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No clear evidence of either of these answers
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes and No: In 2011, the Globe and Mail, a Canadian newspaper, reported that Chinese state–controlled arms manufacturers offered stockpiles of arms to the collapsing regime of Muammar Qaddafi in Libya. The documents obtained from the media expose Chinese companies’ conversations with the Qaddafi government regarding vast weapons supplies to Libya via Algeria and South Africa.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My country currently exports military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment to the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa has been selling arms to China since 2000.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish basing.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
5 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, members of the military have received professional military education from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
34 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, members of the military have received peacekeeping training from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of this
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials advocate for more coordination with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of this
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
50 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combatting terrorism.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
26 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence during research period.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While it does not fall within the research period, there is a long academic trail (more than 15 years) looking into PRC-connected gangs.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, there are reports of economic espionage targeting the private sector that were suspected to benefit PRC-connected entities.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The US Justice Department says state-sponsored Chinese hackers targeted at least one South African company as part of a hacking campaign.
- https://www.businessinsider.co.za/chinas-hainan-xiandun-tried-to-hack-south-africa-in-stealing-trade-secrets-us-justice-says-2021-7
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240494238_INDUSTRIAL_ESPIONAGE_THREAT_IN_CORPORATE_SOUTH_AFRICA
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
15 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
54 incidents were assessed and found that the most common impact type was data exposure, which was also one that had increased noticeably in recent years. The most prevalent perpetrator type was found to be hacktivists, which had also exhibited a recent increase in activity. A particularly concerning trend was the recent high number of incidents of data exposure caused by error, a trend running contrary to the drive to improve cybersecurity. It was also found that of the incidents considered, 54% targeted state-owned or political entities as victims. In general, the results appeared consistent with global reported trends.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, triads are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate or punish Chinese dissidents.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
51 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Huawei digital surveillance technology deployed in parts of the country - specifically near or in designated smart cities.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, representatives of the PRC police force have had joint patrols with local law enforcement.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No clear evidence during research period.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My government has detained people at the request of the PRC for committing a crime involving engagements with social movements or resistance activities in Hong Kong, Xinjiang or for other human rights or civic rights issues.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No clear evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My country has deported Taiwan citizens to the PRC to face prosecution.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence during research period.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My country has extradited or has deported individuals to the PRC, although such decisions had attracted criticisms from politicians, government employees or from local or foreign NGOs.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
21 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No clear evidence during research period.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC’s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China Mobile partnered with MTN South Africa in 2018. China Unicom also has an ongoing partnership since 2018
- https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/china-mobile-international-limited-establishes-south-africa-office-692919441.html
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201807/19/WS5b5044cfa310796df4df77b4.html
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
16 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper
In my country, telecoms have adopted hardware or technical specifications by PRC-connected entities in internet/wifi/telecommunication service infrastructure projects, in addition to 4G/5G cellular network.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
14 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
74 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Although the Trump administration’s policies successfully curbed Chinese expansion in Western countries, they did not address the growing presence of Chinese technology infrastructure on the African continent." Chinese firms like Huawei, ZTE and China Telecom are behind the core systems of new ICT infrastructure across Africa. And they are providing the next generation of technology. Huawei has expanded across most African countries, including South Africa.
- https://www.voanews.com/a/economy-business_analysts-china-expanding-influence-africa-telecom-network-deals/6209516.html
- https://www.dw.com/en/investing-in-africas-tech-infrastructure-has-china-won-already/a-48540426
- https://www.dw.com/en/africa-embraces-huawei-technology-despite-security-concerns/a-60665700
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized vendors to supply tech-related equipment or services to our government, military or security services.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
28 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
53 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese law prohibits PMC contractors from carrying weapons at home. Abroad, PMCs must abide by the laws of the countries where they are working. But companies often find ways around restrictions. In South Africa, which tightly regulates foreign PMCs, Chinese companies operate through specially created local subsidiaries.
- https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/08/chinese-security-contractors-in-africa-pub-82916
- https://www.defenceweb.co.za/land/land-land/china-turns-to-pmcs-to-protect-its-workers-and-bri-investments-in-africa/
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, central or local governments have collaboration (such as data collection or exchange agreement, or adoption of related hardwares) with the PRC government or PRC-connected entities on facial, voice recognition or other applications involving biometrics achieved by AI.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Emerging biometric technologies have become ubiquitous across many parts of Africa, including facial recognition technologies in Zimbabwe, Uganda and South Africa. They’re used to help combat identity theft, fraud and other threats, including terrorism. Much of the technology is being developed by the private sector as well as Chinese state entities as part of the drive to develop ‘smart cities’ across Africa.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city” systems.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
35 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, it was agreed upon in 2014, but there's been no further building of it.
- https://businesstech.co.za/news/property/297422/heres-what-happened-to-south-africas-r84-billion-smart-city/
- https://www.capetownetc.com/news/new-smart-cities-planned-for-south-africa-worth-the-billions/
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
63 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Two banks at the time of research: Rand Merchant Bank/FNB and Standard Bank.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper
In my country, PRC-connected venture capital invests in technology start-ups.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.iol.co.za/technology/software-and-internet/africas-tech-startups-ecosystem-fastest-growing-with-rising-investments-d5ddc392-a4e8-524e-ba60-04fb8d07d905
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3146678/chinese-investors-are-again-pouring-millions-africas-fintech
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, PRC-connected entities are shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on usage.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Tiktok is the fifth-largest social media app in South Africa.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of BeiDou satellite navigation system.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
20 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The national airline, SAA, announced direct flights between SA and China in partnership with China Air: Link
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, local municipalities have sister-city ties (友好城市) with municipalities in the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
10 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
This is a list of places in South Africa which have standing links to local communities in other countries: 15 cities and towns have sister-city ties with municipalities in China.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Beijing announced it would invite 1,000 young African politicians for trainings in China in 2016, including from the ANC that regularly attends workshops in China and has modelled some of its party trainings on the CCP.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, politicians or government employees visit the PRC and have meetings with PRC officials and think tanks.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
1 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The research period was during the Covid-19 pandemic, so travel was not permitted, but as a member of BRICS, there are regular meetings.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, law enforcement and judicial related training offered the PRC-connected individuals or entities has been accepted by national or subnational governments.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign donations that originate in the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
ANC funder-turned-MP and her ‘links’ to shadowy Chinese agency: Dr Xiaomei Havard says she has donated millions to the ANC, with some in the party believing she paid her way in. Chinese-born politician Dr Xiaomei Havard, says she has donated between R2 and R4-million to the ANC in the past “five or six years" from a number of her businesses.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have made public statements opposing the candidacy of a local political candidate or party, claiming them being “anti-China”.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
78 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
1 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly expressed positive views of the PRC government.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
12 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
37 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa’s State Security Agency – with its own shady past – has enjoyed a close relationship with China’s security forces. Chinese surveillance giant Hikvision has sold thousands of security cameras in South Africa and soon Joburg’s suburbs will see an unprecedented increase of Hikvision’s presence.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
57 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In October 20121, the National Assembly and the People’s Republic of China’s National People’s Congress held the fifth Regular Exchange Mechanism (REM) meeting to assess progress with the bilateral cooperation and solutions to the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have met officially with representatives of the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
3 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
40 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Above are only a few examples. As a member of BRICS, SA MPs participate in regular events.
- https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/peoples-republic-china-commends-south-africa-its-successful-efforts-keeping-novel-coronavirus-out-country
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/13/c_139054389.htm
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Going back to at least 2014, the PRC has offered training to the South African government. The ANC vowed to build an institute to be modelled on the China Executive Leadership Academy Pudong in Shanghai, one of the Communist Party’s leadership and governance schools.
- https://www.gov.za/speeches/school-government-training-public-servants-governance-and-management-emergencies-such-covid
- https://time.com/3601968/anc-south-africa-china-communist-party/
- https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/anc-comrades-to-be-trained-by-the-communist-party-of-china/
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
In my country, politicians or government employees have been pressured by PRC diplomats to change their political or diplomatic stances.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa twice bans Dalai Lama from visiting the country - in 2009, 2011, and in 2014.
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2009/3/24/south-africa-bans-dalai-lama-visit
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/04/dalai-lama-denied-south-africa-visa-nobel-summit
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/27/dalai-lama-banned-south-africa
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
Citizens of my country have been detained in PRC or denied exit visas, and believed to be suffering from unfair legal treatments for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy”.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In July 2015, ten South Africans were arrested without charge in China, having been part of a 20-strong tour group detained by Chinese officials last week. The tour group were on a planned 47-day trip to explore the country, and comprised of 10 South Africans, nine British nationals and one Indian national. This happened at the same time as then-deputy president Cyril Ramaphosa was visiting China.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
The head of state, head of government or foreign minister of my country has denied Taiwan’s right to participate as a member, observer or guest in WHO.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
On May 14 2007, the World Health Assembly (WHA) voted 148-17 to reject Taiwan’s application and South Africa is one of the country that voted against Taiwan. In 2017, "South Africa’s ruling ANC party rebuked the opposition mayor of Pretoria for visiting Taiwan last month in what it called a violation of its foreign policy that recognises only the People’s Republic of China."
- https://cc.pacforum.org/2007/07/dueling-international-arena/
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-politics-taiwan-idUSKBN14N12V
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My country publicly supported the appointment of a PRC official to be the head of a United Nations agency (such as the FAO or ICAO) or other intergovernmental organizations (such as INTERPOL).
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The chairperson of the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Qu Dongyu, won the election by 108 votes, mainly from the supports of African countries.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My government has shown support of PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016; except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 6.)
Support
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC’s claim
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC’s claim
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
'South Africa backed China on Wednesday against the US’ so-called freedom of navigation operations in the South China Sea, a patrol China has denounced as an illegal threat to peace.'
- https://www.thebricspost.com/south-africa-backs-chinese-stance-on-south-china-sea-dispute/
- https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm51ms.pdf
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population.
Oppose
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
31 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
32 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
17 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The link is fro 2019 and there is no further evidence of change during the research period.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Tibet population.
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2018 it was reported that 'there are exactly three Tibetans living in South Africa currently ... the Tibet Office in Pretoria remains open.' Originally Nelson Mandela had invited the Dalai Lama to South Africa in 1996 and the Office of Tibet was established in 1998. While it's not clear whether the SA government openly voiced support of the PRC's treatment, the continued denial of the Dalai Lama's visa seems to indicate a silent agreement.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
My government has not publicly criticized the PRC’s imposition of the National Security Law on Hong Kong.
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence of SA government publicly criticising the national security law.
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin