Law Enforcement

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The pro-China Chinese Unification Promotion Party has a clear Bamboo Union background from the founder Chang An-le (White Wolf). They have records using violence in protests, and threaten the people with different opinions. According to media, Bamboo Union and Four Seas Gang, the two biggest gangs in Taiwan, were involved in an incident which gangsters bypassed and threatened the protesters. They were also involved in the violent protest at the airport when the Hong Kong activist Joshua Wong visited Taiwan.

1. https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/1139138

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Chen Yu-jie

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/eATAQ
2. https://archive.ph/wip/E0mNb

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/wip/hneqR
2. https://archive.ph/wip/ZMs2H
3. https://archive.ph/wip/BbND2

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Indonesia possesses a complex organized crime nexus. Though local ethnic Indonesians tend to dominate the organized crime industry, there appears to be, at least, an existent (if minor) presence of PRC-affiliated crime syndicates that partake in human and drug trafficking practices.

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010000/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/ChineseOrgCrime.pdf
2. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1449665/hong-kong-triads-using-indonesian-domestic-workers-smuggle-ice

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While it does not fall within the research period, there is a long academic trail (more than 15 years) looking into PRC-connected gangs.

1. https://media.africaportal.org/documents/paper48.pdf

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to a report, in 2017, 14 members of the Chinese mafia were arrested. The Chinese mafia is strongest in the central region of the city of São Paulo, where most of the Chinese community in Brazil is also concentrated. We find no concrete evidence of this "Chinese Mafia" expressly linked with the Triads.

1. https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2017-03/policia-civil-prende-14-integrantes-da-mafia-chinesa-em-sao-paulo
2. http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/noticia/LeFotos.aspx?id=8674
3. http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/LeNoticia.aspx?ID=39235

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/chinese-triads-target-bolivias-jaguars-in-search-of-american-tiger-parts/

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Crime DNA: the Chinese mafia defines its internal war with bullets (reference 1).

1. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/adn-del-crimen-la-mafia-china-define-a-balazos-su-guerra-interna-nid03042021/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=440710
2. https://www.refworld.org/docid/42df61642c.html
3. https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p124201coll1/id/822/rec/6

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2019/05/03/como-los-carteles-mexicanos-se-unieron-a-la-mafia-de-hong-kong-para-dominar-el-trafico-mundial-de-drogas/
2. https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/8984097/mexican-cartels-teaming-triads-dominate-world-drugs-trade/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://larepublica.pe/politica/2019/10/26/consul-de-peru-en-china-dio-visas-a-la-mafia-china-para-el-trafico-de-personas-fiscalia/
2. https://zaichina.net/2019/09/la-ilegal-inmigracion-de-chinos-en-el-peru/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below links.

1. https://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=132297
2. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/09/251_296106.html
3. https://news.joins.com/article/24114450
4. http://kr.xinhuanet.com/2021-04/12/c_139874268.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The third article is about a Triad connected businessman who was a part of the UN bribery scandal involving the PRC and campaign finance problems in Clinton years. The Reuters article is the most recent example. There is a history here, but no source says that the Triads or their affiliates left the country. No one seems to be looking.

1. https://www.bostonmagazine.com/2006/05/15/in-the-shadow-of-the-dragon/
2. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/125837NCJRS.pdf
3. https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/profile-a-highly-influential-figure-in-macau-guangdong.html
4. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/meth-syndicate/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below links.

1. https://www.jpolrisk.com/chinese-communist-party-cooperation-with-gangs-and-politicians-in-canada-book-review/
2. https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/china-made-canada-global-node-narcos-cyber-criminals
3. https://themobmuseum.org/blog/chinese-triads-launder-billions-through-vancouver-buying-luxury-real-estate-cars/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369801X.2020.1863839
2. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3043542/chinese-crime-wave-hits-dutertes-philippines-pogos-grow
3. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/triads-behind-drug-trade-in-philippines-duterte/920361

Supplementary Notes

During the pre-pandemic in the Country, one of the biggest issue is the war on drugs. The increasing number of POGO grows unchecked and become the ‘haven for Chinese criminals and criminal syndicates’.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

(…Bangkok was similarly the killing ground of choice for Macau's 14K triad. Last year it was locked in a bitter turf war with the Shui Fong mob over casinos in Macau and Cambodia. The conflict spilled over into Thailand when 14K gunmen executed three Shui Fong members gangland-style on Bangkok's airport expressway. Since the harsh 1950s suppression of Chinese secret societies in Bangkok's Chinatown by military strongman Phibun Songkram, the triads have never enjoyed a power base in Thailand Link) THE CHINESE TRIADS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA : FROM A « TOTAL SOCIAL PHENOMENON» TO A TRANS-NATIONAL CRIMINAL ORGANISATION? Link Transnational activities of Chinese crime organizations Link Muay Thai group leader and wife arrested for laundering HK$267 million Link [Second respondent]: Thai-Chinese 黑帮or 三合会 has a long history in Thailand. Recently, the phone scammers network in Thailand is organized by PRC nationals. They are operating in Cambodia. Link Link The Chinese hybrid scam cryptocurrency fraud in Chonburi. Link

1. http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/1013/nat.thailand.html
2. http://www.gis-reseau-asie.org/en/chinese-triads-southeast-asia-total-social-phenomenon-trans-national-criminal-organisation
3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12117-002-1011-4
4. https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3119713/fast-not-furious-hong-kongs-toyota-ae86-owners
5. https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/2059165/muay-thai-group-leader-and-wife-arrested-laundering-hk267
6. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2236687/39-thais-held-in-cambodia-call-scam-raids
7. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2284622/phone-scammers-raided-in-cambodia-thais-arrested
8. https://mgronline.com/crime/detail/9640000072198

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• U.S. Sanctions Former Macau Triad Boss with Links to Cambodia: Cambodian media reports show Wan Kuok-koi launching the World Hongmen History and Culture Association in Phnom Penh in 2018, in the presence of Deputy Prime Minister Men Sam An and Military Police Commander Sao Sokha. At the time Men Sam An said the association had “confidence in the Cambodian government” and asked for greater investments in trade, tourism and other sectors. He has also been photographed with General Hing Bun Hieng, head of the Prime Minister Bodyguard Unit (PMBU), who is also subject to the same Treasury Department sanctions. Link • US Sanctions Ex-Macau Triad Boss With Business in Cambodia Link • Chinese Triad Gang Threatens to Take Over Cambodia Casino Town in Chilling Video Link • Police claim Triads dealing in Ecstasy-heroin exchanges Link • Suspected Triad Leader Faces Court Today Link • US sanctions ex-Macao triad leader with ties to Cambodia Link • Chinese gang threatens chaos in Cambodian province as rift deepens between locals and new arrivals Link

1. https://www.voacambodia.com/a/us-sanctions-former-macau-triad-boss-with-links-to-cambodia-/5695733.html
2. https://vodenglish.news/us-sanctions-ex-macau-triad-boss-with-business-in-cambodia/
3. https://www.casino.org/news/chinese-triad-gang-threatens-to-take-over-cambodia-casino-town/
4. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/police-claim-triads-dealing-ecstasy-heroin-exchanges
5. https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2019/cambodia-casino-gamble/index.html
6. https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/suspected-triad-leader-faces-court-today-25052/
7. https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50791955/us-sanctions-ex-macao-triad-leader-with-ties-to-cambodia/
8. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3010138/chinese-gang-threatens-chaos-cambodian-province-rift

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Datuk Seri Nicky had links with ex-Macau triad leader, says IGP Link Over 40,000 members in 49 gangs involved in firearms, murder, drugs and extortion, says Home Ministry: Link Bukit Bintang blast and gang rivalry: Top 10 gangs on Malaysia's watchlist Link WAIT. WHY ARE THERE SO FEW CHINESE GANGSTERS IN MALAYSIA THESE DAYS? Link (I am not sure how credible this portal is)

1. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/03/30/datuk-seri-nicky-had-links-with-ex-macau-triad-leader-says-igp
2. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/08/29/40000-members-in-gangs-say-home-ministry/
3. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/bukit-bintang-blast-and-gang-rivalry-top-10-gangs-on-malaysias-watchlist
4. https://cilisos.my/malaysian-gangster-have-changed-a-lot-since-the-1990s-but-how-did-it-happen/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Question YES/NO leads to distorted results. Chinese gangs operate in Poland but their activities are very limited compared to other criminal groups and they do not play an important role on Poland’s criminal scene.

1. https://www.rmf24.pl/fakty/polska/news-chinska-mafia-narkotykowa-dzialala-w-polsce-przerzucala-nark,nId,4257191#crp_state=1
2. https://katowice.wyborcza.pl/katowice/7,35063,26345576,slaski-gangster-przemycal-narkotyki-dla-chinskiej-triady-cud.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Several Chinese triad gangs are active in the UK. An EU report from 2011 found that groups such as 14K Triad, Sun Yee On, Red Sun, United Bamboo and Big Circle are active in Britain, with the greatest concentration of activity in London’s Chinatown, but with operations across larger cities in the UK such as Glasgow, Birmingham, and Cardiff. In 2019, the Times reported that Chinese snakehead gangs were feeding the resurgence of Chinese organised crime in the UK, involved particularly in people smuggling and drug dealing. There have been further reports of triad activity in 2013, such as a brawl between members of two factions of Chinese triads fought in the streets of Manchester’s Chinatown. An academic article from 2016 examines the UK’s policing of Chinese organised crime in the UK based on research from 2010 and 2014-2015. This research argues that the threat from locally based Chinese triads in the UK closely linked to Hong Kong has diminished and instead mainland Chinese networks which operate across the UK with links to mainland China have become predominant in the UK triad society. Secondly, the research argues that these triads in the UK are also changing the type of criminal activity they are involved in, such as production and export of firearms and new drugs to the UK, to smuggling counterfeit goods. The latest reporting on Chinese triad activity in the UK was from 2019, when the bodies of 30 people were found in the lorry crossing into the UK.

1. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2011/453191/IPOL-LIBE_NT%282011%29453191_EN.pdf
2. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lorry-deaths-chinese-snakehead-gangs-fuel-organised-crime-in-uk-k0q97x007
3. https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/men-sentenced-over-part-in-manchester-1211408
4. https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/10655/1/%E2%80%98Forget it%2C Jake. It%E2%80%99s Chinatown%271.pdf
5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232912412_From_Triads_to_snakeheads_organised_crime_and_illegal_migration_within_Britain's_Chinese_community
6. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/horrifying-rise-mother-snakeheads-behind-20721217

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.leparisien.fr/oise-60/comment-la-mafia-asiatique-prospere-en-france-11-11-2012-2309997.php

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A report by the European parliament published in 2011 affirms that one of the leading traids, Sun Yee On, is active in Austria. More recently, the Austrian police carried out operations, notably with the assistance of Chinese police forces, against Chinese human trafficking rings.

1. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2011/453191/IPOL-LIBE_NT(2011)453191_DE.pdf
2. https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000111187879/unter-dem-radar-wiens-chinesische-community-abseits-der-teigtascherlmafia
3. https://kurier.at/chronik/oesterreich/chinesen-uebernehmen-das-rotlicht/266.547.394

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Hay evidencia de actos delictivos relacionados con mafias chinas; no obstante, no se ha relacionado específicamente con la Triada, sino más bien con mafias locales que, eventualmente, podrían tener vínculos con organizaciones más grandes. Uno de esos grupos es denominado Dragón Rojo.

1. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-43646440
2. https://observador.cr/exministro-denuncia-que-caso-de-mafia-china-en-el-que-colaboro-con-el-oij-prescribio-y-fiscalia-nunca-acuso/
3. https://www.crhoy.com/nacionales/mafia-china-estaria-detras-de-venta-de-loteria-ilegal-y-piden-la-cabeza-de-greivin-moya/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://bit.ly/3NmRhod
2. https://bit.ly/38QFwHo

Supplementary Notes

Se reporta hasta 2009 en link 1. Y en 2014 en link 2. A partir de ahí, y en 2020-2021, no se encuentran reportes sobre la temática.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://elsiglo.com.pa/cronica-roja/chan-disputa-control-mafia-china/24118214
2. https://www.tvn-2.com/nacionales/Ministerio-Publico-informacion-secuestro-comerciantes-video_0_5033496706.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.impact.ro/special-dosarele-comisarului-vijelie-estul-salbatic-romania-anilor-90-cum-au-fost-prinsi-asasinii-chinezilor-transati-bagati-in-geamantane-si-aruncati-in-lac-filmul-ca-129615.html
2. https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/secretele-comunitatii-chineze-din-romania-76528
3. https://gazetadecluj.ro/mafia-chineza-preluat-intreaga-exploatare-cuprului-din-romania/
4. https://observatornews.ro/social/mafia-chineza-tun-de-milioane-in-romania-64351.html
5. https://www.tolo.ro/2018/01/23/cuprins-toate-capitolele-din-investigatia-gsp-cazul-shanghai/
6. https://www.tolo.ro/2018/06/27/chinezul-wang-din-dosarul-shanghai-pericolul-pentru-siguranta-nationala-a-romaniei-care-a-semnat-contractul-cu-cuprumin-cere-ziaristilor-de-investigatie-prejudicii-de-5-milioane-de/

Supplementary Notes

The Chinese Triad operated in Romania in the 1990s and early 2000s, along with other Chinese criminal gangs. In an interview with Commissioner Constantin Marinescu, the first head of the Organised Crime Fighting Service of the Bucharest Police, he spoke in detail about how he managed the criminal groups. There were cases of crimes committed by Chinese triads against Chinese traders established in Romania that appeared in the press and even a series of assassinations that shocked the public. However, in the last 10 years there have been no more such cases, or at least they have not reached the public eye.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.ilfoglio.it/cronache/2019/06/12/news/cosi-le-organizzazioni-criminali-cinesi-in-italia-hanno-messo-le-mani-su-trasporti-e-rifiuti-259923/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.ad.nl/amsterdam/nederlandse-criminelen-in-top-misdaad-op-de-wallen~a84552f0/
2. https://www.uva.nl/binaries/content/assets/subsites/amsterdam-research-institute-for-legal-studies/bonger-instituut-voor-criminologie/2009/pdf---slangenkoppen-en-tijgerjagers.pdf
3. https://www.crimesite.nl/chinese-maffiaclan-in-nederland-opgerold-voor-drugs-via-postpakketten/

Supplementary Notes

There are various reports that deal with the long history of Chinese criminal organizations in the Netherlands. Recent news item relate to the uncovering of a drugs network in 2021 and a report that the 'chinese maffia' is active in Amsterdam massage salons. There is no reason to think there's not still activity in this field

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Every now and then something related to the Chinese mafia (that is what they call it in Spain) appears in the media.

1. https://www.vozpopuli.com/espana/mafia-china-blanqueo.html
2. https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4665831/0/cae-mafia-china-marihuana-espana-escala-industrial-nunca-vista/
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thYxCoM4nWQ

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/22/world/winson-north-korea-oil-tankers.html
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDTCHdcPYTQ
3. https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/asia/100000007422226/north-korea-winson-oil-tanker.html
4. https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/u-s-moves-to-seize-tanker-used-in-illicit-north-korean-trade
5. https://www.gtreview.com/news/asia/singapore-oil-trader-denies-alleged-role-in-sanctioned-north-korean-trade/

Supplementary Notes

Little information is available publicly about secret societies and criminal gangs in Singapore. There are, however, periodic reports about the collusion of Singapore firms with illegal activities relating to the PRC. They include the illegal sale of oil and other products to the DPRK, via China and Taiwan, in contravention of UN embargoes.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Mary Mutisya, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are registers of PRC connected gangs in Argentina but not in Uruguay. Based on an interview with an expert of transnational crime.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The cases in question have not being consider connected to Triads by Chilean authorities, and currently there are no signs of any Triads presence in Chile.

1. https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-metropolitana/2020/09/07/desbaratan-banda-con-elaborado-cultivo-indoor-plantaban-guiados-por-un-recetario-y-calendario-chino.shtml
2. https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2020/08/31/empresario-nexo-chino-y-exfuncionario-del-minrel-arriesgan-5-anos-de-carcel-por-trafico-de-personas.shtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no reports of this happening.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Difficult to answer this as a Yes or No. I believe there is some activity through certain people and groups, as there is in Holland, but this is not a publicly known issue.

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Supplementary Notes

There has been quite a lot of organized crime violence among the Chinese diaspora in the 90s, but nothing in the recent years.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no official (publicly available) security or intelligence reports on this issue in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Although there are Chinese link cases where individuals have been arrested for fraud and illegal activities, there isn't any clear proof that those groups and individuals are part of PRC-connected gangs. There are also cased of Chinese individuals links to Hawala Racket(Money Transfer Method outside the traditional banking system).

1. https://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-police-busts-chinese-app-loan-fraud-eight-arrested-10515751.html
2. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chinese-man-crore-hawala-racket-multiple-companies-india-chinese-bank-link-1710612-2020-08-13

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No direct evidence is available.

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Available data to answer this question

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No data was found to support this indicator

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with government officials restricted access to such information

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no available information suggest these groups exist in the Gambia.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Individual Chinese immigrants/employers do cause some havoc, but to a marginal degree

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such data/report was found in Bangladesh.

1. https://www.google.com/search?q=triad+chinese+gang+in+bangladesh&sxsrf=ALiCzsadAwRbyD9Dq84YzJxY7lqxct1B0g%3A1653505805880&ei=DX-OYuyxNcTB3LUPpc2N-AY&ved=0ahUKEwis7MWRrfv3AhXEILcAHaVmA28Q4dUDCA4&uact=5&oq=triad+chinese+gang+in+bangladesh&sclient=gws-wiz

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence to suggest otherwise

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

NA

Supplementary Notes

There is no evidence that suggests otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence for such activities.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While we found older reports about Moldovan traffickers who smuggled drugs from China, the triads themselves are no present in Moldova, where they likely see no market for their „business”

1. https://epochtimes-romania.com/news/in-moldova-a-fost-deconspirata-o-retea-de-droguri-importata-din-china---267600

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A case of infants trafficking involving Chinese nationals was reported in 2020, but it is likely that local gangs were organizing the whole thing while the Chinese nationals were trying to use the opportunity, without being part of the Chinese mafia as such. What is more, Ukraine has a quite liberal law on surrogate mothers, with 2500 children per year born as a result of such arrangements, some international (see article in link). In the confusion of the war many misunderstandings can occur in such cases

1. https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/12226-ukrainian-police-in-baby-mill-bust
2. https://www.wionews.com/world/two-chinese-nationals-arrested-for-allegedly-attempting-to-smuggle-infants-from-ukraine-462828
3. https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/09/08/the-war-has-thrown-ukraines-surrogacy-industry-into-crisis

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

So such evidence

1. No such evidence available

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-china-beltandroad-piraeus-exclusive-idUKKBN1HR2LL

Supplementary Notes

Based on the Reuters report above, it seems there are suspicions that PRC-connected gangs are active in Greece, though it has not been proven conclusively.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.